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Anatomy > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Name 3 anatomical things that help regulate temperature of sperm

A
  1. Pampiniform venous plexus helps to keep testes cool through cooling blood before it enters the scrotum
  2. Positioning of the scrotum provides a cool environment for sperm
  3. Tunica dartos and cremaster muscles: Draw in and let go when testes are too cold or warm
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2
Q

Spermatogenesis

A
  1. Spermatogonia divide by mitosis
    A. Maintain germ cells
    B. Differentiate into primary spermatocytes
  2. Meiosis I & II
    A. 2 secondary spermatocytes
    B. Each spermatocyte forms two spermatids
  3. Spermiogenesis
    Creates head, mid piece and tail of sperm
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3
Q

Tunica albuginea

A

Fibrous capsule of ovary covered in simple columnar epithelium

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4
Q

Ovarian cortex

A

Houses developing oocytes

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5
Q

Follicles

A

Multicellular sacs housing tissue

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6
Q

infundibulum

A

Distal end of uterine tube surrounded by fimbriae

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7
Q

Ampulla

A

Middle third of uterine tube, site of fertilization

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8
Q

Isthmus

A

Medial third of uterine tube

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9
Q

Anteverted

A

Position of uterus

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10
Q

Fundus

A

Rounded superior portion of uterus

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11
Q

Cervix

A

Neck of uterus

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12
Q

Cervical canal

A

Communicates with vagina inferiorly

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13
Q

Internal os

A

Opening connecting with uterine cavity

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14
Q

External os

A

Inferior opening of cervix

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15
Q

Mesometrium

A

Anchors uterus to lateral pelvic walls

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16
Q

Cardinal ligaments

A

horizontal from cervix and vagina

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17
Q

Round ligaments

A

Bind uterus to anterior pelvic wall

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18
Q

Perimetrium

A

Serous layer; peritoneum

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19
Q

Endometrium

A

Mucosal lining of uterine cavity; site of implantation

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20
Q

Uterine arteries branch into

A

arcuate arteries

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21
Q

Radial arteries branch into

A

straight and spiral arteries

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22
Q

Ovarian cycle

A

Stimulates production of ovarian follicles and oocytes

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23
Q

Uterine Cycle

A

Prepares uterine wall for implantation

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24
Q

3 phases of ovarian cycle

A

Follicular, ovulation, luteal

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25
Q

Zona pellucida

A

Glycoprotein coat surrounding oocyte

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26
Q

Theca folliculi

A

Internal layer secretes hormones

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27
Q

Antrum

A

Forms fluid filled cavity between granulose cells

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28
Q

Corona radiata

A

Coat of granulose cells surrounding oocyte

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29
Q

Vesicular follicle

A

Ready to be ovulated

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30
Q

Remaining follicles of luteal phase become this

A

Corpus luteum

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31
Q

Corpus luteum secretes

A

Progesterone

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32
Q

Corpus luteum dies and becomes this

A

Corpus albicans

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33
Q

Oogenesis

A

produces only one ovum and 3 polar bodies

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34
Q

Phases of uterine cycle

A
  1. Menstrual
  2. Proliferative
  3. Secretory
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35
Q

Adventitia

A

Fibrous connective tissue of vagina

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36
Q

Muscularis

A

smooth muscle of vagina

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37
Q

Mucosa

A

Lamina propria and stratified squamous epithelium in vagina

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38
Q

Hymen

A

Incomplete diaphragm

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39
Q

Fornix

A

Recess formed at superior part of vagina

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40
Q

Mons pubis

A

overlies pubic symphysis, pubic hair covers after puberty

41
Q

Labia majora

A

Homologue of male scrotum

42
Q

Vestibule

A

Space b/w labia minora; houses opening to urethra and vagina

43
Q

Clitoris

A

Erectile tissue

44
Q

Sperm binds to this during fertilization

A

Zona pellucida

45
Q

Reaction of fertilization

A

Acrosomal reaction

46
Q

Cortical reaction

A

enzymes prevent any other sperm from binding to egg

47
Q

Fertilization

A

Chromosomes of male and female gametes join

48
Q

Blastocyst

A

Begins implantation, consists of inner cell mass and outer trophoblast

49
Q

Trophoblast

A

Two layers: Cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast

50
Q

Placenta

A

Exchanges across chorionic villi between maternal and fetal blood

51
Q

Placental barrier consists of

A

Syncytiotrophoblast, cytotrophoblast, extra embryonic mesoderm and endothelium of fetal capillaries of villi

52
Q

Syncytiotrophoblast

A

Secretes regulatory substances for pregnancy

53
Q

3 stages of childbirth

A
  1. Dilation
  2. Expulsion
  3. Placental
54
Q

Mesonephric ducts

A

Future male ducts

55
Q

Paramesonephric ducts

A

Future female ducts

56
Q

Function of kidneys

A

Maintain chemical consistency and filter blood

57
Q

Site of filtration in the kidney

A

Nephrons; glomeruli

58
Q

Why is there higher pressure in the glomerulus

A

Fluid comes in through afferent arteriole faster than it leaves because the afferent diameter is larger than the efferent

59
Q

What surrounds the convoluted tubules

A

Paratubular capillaries

60
Q

Mechanisms of urine production

A

Filtration, resorption, secretion

61
Q

3 layers of filtration membrane

A
  1. Fenestrated endothelium of capillary
  2. Filtration slits between foot processes of podocytes
  3. basement membrane
62
Q

Structure of nephrons

A

Glomerular capsule with glomerulus, proximal convoluted tubules, descending limb, descending thin limb, ascending thin limb, thick ascending limb, distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct

63
Q

Where does reabsorption occur?

A

Peritubular capillaries

64
Q

Juxtaglomerular complex

A

Regulates BP

65
Q

Granular cells

A

Smooth muscles cells that secrete renin

66
Q

Renin

A

regulates BP in afferent arteriole

67
Q

Ureter mucosa tissue

A

Transitional epithelium

68
Q

Ureter muscularis tissue

A

Smooth muscle (Longitudinal and circular)

69
Q

Ureter adventitia tissue

A

Typical connective tissue

70
Q

3 parts of male urethra

A
  1. Prostatic
  2. Intermediate part of urethra
  3. Spongy Urethra
71
Q

Embryo develops 3 types of kidneys

A
  1. Pronephros
  2. Mesonephros
  3. Metanephros
72
Q

Kidney through life

A

Less filtration, tubules are less efficient, nephron size and number decrease, loss of muscle tone

73
Q

Mesentary

A

Double layer of peritoneum

74
Q

Falciform ligament

A

Binds anterior part of liver to anterior abdominal wall

75
Q

Lesser omentum

A

attaches liver to lesser curvature of stomach

76
Q

Greater omentum

A

Connects greater curvature of stomach to posterior abdominal wall

77
Q

Retroperitoneal organs

A

Behind peritoneum

78
Q

Peritoneal organs

A

Digestive organs that keep their mesentery

79
Q

Digestive process

A
  1. Ingestion
  2. Propulsion (Peristalsis)
  3. Mechanical Breakdown (Segmentation)
  4. Chemical Breakdown
  5. Absorption
  6. Defecation
80
Q

Layers of digestive system wall

A
  1. Mucosa (Epithelium), lamina propria, muscularis mucosa
  2. Submucosa
  3. Muscularis externa (Circular and Longitudinal) (Smooth)
  4. Serosa
81
Q

2 types of papillae with taste buds

A

Fungiform and vallate

82
Q

Papillae with no tastes buds

A

Filiform

83
Q

Largest salivary glands

A

Parotid gland

84
Q

Mucous salivary glands

A

Sublingual glands

85
Q

Mixed between serous and mucous salivary glands

A

Submandibular glands

86
Q

What is the esophagus made of

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

87
Q

Layers of the esophogus

A

Mucosa, submucosa, musculares externa, adventitia

88
Q

4 regions of the stomach

A

Cardia, fundus, body, pyloric part

89
Q

Mucous neck cells secrete

A

Special mucous

90
Q

Parietal or oxyntic cells secrete

A

HCl and gastric intrinsic factor

91
Q

Chief or zygogenic cells secrete

A

pepsinogen

92
Q

3 things that increase surface area of the small intestine

A

Circular folds, villi, microvilli

93
Q

Appendix function

A

Neutralizes pathogens

94
Q

Liver function

A

500 functions, bile production, stores glucose as glycogen, release glucose

95
Q

Gallbladder function

A

Stores and concentrates bile

96
Q

Pancreas function

A

Endocrine: Produce insulin and glucagon
Exocrine: Produces most enzymes that digest food in SI

97
Q

Submucosa of esophagus

A

Areolar connective tissue

98
Q

Adventitia of esophagus

A

Fibrous connective tissue

99
Q

Parts of mammalian ovary

A

Germinal epithelium, tunica albuginea, cortex, medulla, antrum of a mature ovarian follicle, primary and secondary follicles

Anatomy (8 decks)

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