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Pharm > Intro > Flashcards

Intro Flashcards

1
Q

A response to a drug which is noxious and unintended, and which at doses normally used in man

A

Adverse drug reaction

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2
Q

1 out of ____ elderly patients admitted to hospital with ADR or had one during stay.

A

10

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3
Q

What are factors that predispose patients to develop ADRS?

A
  • unlicensed/off label Rx
  • Pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics
  • OD
  • underreporting (not identified
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4
Q

What are medications involved with ADR ED visit?

A

insulin/anticoagulant/antibiotics/OD/ibuprofen

allergic reactions

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5
Q

What are the demographic variables for adherence

A

age
literacy
language
education level.

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6
Q

Medical variables for adherence?

A

severity/duration of illness
impairment
stress

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7
Q

What is pre-clinical development process of drugs?

A

target audience identified
Chemist make compounds
Testing occurs

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8
Q

What are phases of drug development process?

A

Saftey
Safe + effective
Safe and EFFECTIVE
SAFE

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9
Q

drug names based on

A

source
chemistry
effect
regulation

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10
Q

What are the pharmacokinetics

A

Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Elimination

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11
Q

What is absorption influenced by?

A 
Physiochemical properties
Lipid/water coefficient (lipid better)
Blood flow to side of administration
Dosage form (liquid)
Temp(high)
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12
Q

What are the physiochemical properties?

A

non-ionized absorb better

acids better in low pH base at high.

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13
Q

Distribution of drug depends of what?

A

where blood flows and presence of plasma proteins (albumin)

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14
Q

hypothetical concept to describe where drug exists in body?

A

Volume of distribution

dose/ plasma concentration

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15
Q

a small Vd is?

large?

A

drug confined to plasma

drug passes easily and distributed.

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16
Q

modifies drug to facilitate excretion

A

Metabolism

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17
Q

Phase 1 of metabolism?

A

reactions make drug more water soluble

done by p450 enzymes

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18
Q

Phase 2 of metabolism?

A

conjugation reaction.

adding endogenous polar molecule to drug.

19
Q

What happens in elimination of pharmacokinetics?

A

drugs undergo glomerular filtration to enter tubular fluids.

reabsorbed if not water soluble.

20
Q

% of given dose that reaches systemic circulation?>

A

Bioavailability

IV=100%

21
Q

Bioavailability is reduced by:

A
  • incomplete absorbtion

- first pass metabolism.

22
Q

Drug increases activity of enzymes responsible for its metabolism?

decreased?

A

enzyme induction

inhibition

23
Q

rate of elimination proportionate to concentration

A

first order elimination

24
Q

time is takes for concentration of drug to decrease to half the value it had at start of dosing interval?

A

half-life elimination.

25
Q

A constant amount of drug is lost per unit time?

A

zero-order elimination

26
Q

What are the enteral routes of administration?

A

oral/sublingual/rectal

Parenteral: injection/inhale/topical/transdermal/IV

27
Q

What is the goal of dosing?

A

to maintain a plasma concentration with a specified range over long periods of time

28
Q

What does dosing take into consideration?

A

clearance
desired plasma concentration
bioavailability

29
Q

Sites of drug action?

A

-receptor/ion channels
-transport molecules
enzymes
direct bind to nucleic acids
non-human targets

30
Q

What is drug-receptor interaction?

A

drug combines with molecule on cell to produce biologic effect

transmits conformational change to generate signal.

31
Q

Transmembrane spanning proteins that allow selective passage of specific ions

A

ion channels

32
Q

a compound that binds to a receptor and produces the biological response?

A

agonist

partial agonist cant produce 100% response.

33
Q

Blocks or reverse effect of agonist?

A

antagonists.

competitive make less potent

non-competitive bind to dif site.

34
Q

dose at 1/2 Emax?

A

Kd/ EC50

small kd= more potent

35
Q

What is equation for therapeutic index?

do you want it big or small?

A

TD50/ED50

big so that more causes harm.

36
Q

what changes in pharmacokinetics with age?

A

liver fx declines
renal clearance declines
maintenance dose decreases

37
Q

expect a _____ increase in plasma drug levels at temps higher than 30 deg C

A

1.5-2.5 fold

38
Q

Why is there delay in absorbtion of oral drugs with exercise?

A

slow gastric emptying. and slow bowel transit time.

39
Q

What is reduced with exercise meaning more rapid elimination?

A

Vd

40
Q

Low hepatic extraction drugs are generally not affected by change in blood flow due to exercise but may be affected by ____

A

level of fitness.

41
Q

For high extraction ratio drugs, there is _______ during exercise

A

less metabolism

42
Q

Regular exercise caused greater _____ and shortened ____

A

metabolism

t1/2

43
Q

GFR decreases______ with exercise.

meaning

A

30%..

decreased elimination

44
Q

What are some assumptions with exercise and drugs?

A
  • decreased GI absorbtion
  • increased subQ/IM/transdermal absorption
  • reduced Vd/metabolism/elimination

Pharm (14 decks)

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