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Anatomy 232 > Lab 2- Brain And Cranial Nerves > Flashcards

Lab 2- Brain And Cranial Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

Dura Mater

A

Most superficial.

periosteal layer and Meningeal layer

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2
Q

How is it different than spinal Dura Mater?

A

There are two layers around the Dura Mater

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3
Q

What is contained between the inner and outer layers of the Dura Mater?

A

Large collecting veins (sinuses)

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4
Q

What are venous sinuses?

A

Large collecting veins

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5
Q

What vessels to do the Venous sinuses drain into

A

Internal jugular veins

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6
Q

Dural folds

A

Where meninges fold into brain

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7
Q

Falx Cerebri

A

Projects between cerebral hemispheres and longitudinal fissure

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8
Q

Name 2 dural sinuses located in this fold

A

Superior sagittal sinus

Inferior sagittal sinus

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9
Q

Tentorium cerebelli

A

Separates cerebrum from the cerebellum hemisphere

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10
Q

Name the dural sinus located in this fold (tentorium cerebelli)

A

Transverse sinus

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11
Q

Falx cerebelli

A

Divides cerebellar hemispheres

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12
Q

Arachnoid Mater

A

Middle meningi layer

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13
Q

What is between the arachnoid Mater and Pia mater (in the subarachnoid space)

A

CSF (cerebral spinal fluid)

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14
Q

Pia Mater

A

Deepest layers

Attaches to brain by astrocytes

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15
Q

What attaches the pia mater to the brain surface?

A

Astrocytes

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16
Q

What is contained in the Pia Mater

A

Blood vessels

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17
Q

What are the major functions of the Medeulla oblongata?

A

Cardiac center
Vasomotor center
Respiratory center
Reflex center

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18
Q

What is meant by decussation of pyramids?

A

Crossover point for the major motor tract.

Left cortex controls motor activity of right side of body.

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19
Q

What are the major functions of the pons?

A

•Pneumotáxic and apneustic areas

-modify activity of respiratory rhythmicity center in medulla oblongata

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20
Q

What are the major functions of the midbrain?

A

Auditory and visual reflexes

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21
Q

What is the function of the superior colliculi?

A

Visual reflexes

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22
Q

What is the function of the inferior colliculi?

A

Auditory reflex

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23
Q

What is the function of the thalamus?

A

Directs all sensory info and sends to correct part of the brain

24
Q

What are the major functions of the hypothalamus?

A

Hunger center
Thirst center
Regulates temperature

25
Q

What is the function of them mammillary bodies?

A

Olfactory reflexes

26
Q

What connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus?

A

Infundibulum

27
Q

What are the major functions of the cerebellum?

A

Coordination of movement
Adjustment of postural muscles
Sense of equilibrium

28
Q

How is the arrangement of white and gray matter different than in the spinal cord?

A

Spinal cord – gray matter is surrounded by white matter.

29
Q

What is the function of the basal nuclei?

A

Sub conscious control of skeletal muscle

30
Q

Frontal lobes

A

i. Precentral gyrus

Motor
Speech (usually left lobe)
Personality

31
Q

Parietal lobes

A

i. Postcentral gyrus

Sensation (except smell)
Language

32
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Vision

33
Q

Temporal lobes

A

Hearing
Smell
Language

34
Q

What are cranial nerves?

A

Connected to brain primarily at the brainstem

35
Q

Are cranial nerves part of the peripheral or central nervous system?

A

Peripheral

36
Q

What is meant by somatic motor?

A

Skeletal muscle

37
Q

What is meant by parasympathetic motor?

A

Smooth
Cardiac
Glands

38
Q

1 (I): olfactory nerve (most rostral)

S

A

Function: sensory, providing sense of smell

Test: Being able to smell and identify things

Symptoms: anosmia– Impaired sense of smell

39
Q

2 (II): optic nerve

A

A

Function: sensory, providing vision

Tests: Visual acuity test, Visual field test, funduscopic exam

Symptoms: loss of vision or blindness and visual field, peripheral or central.

40
Q

What crosses at the optic chiasm?

A

Fibers from medial half of each retina cross to opposite side of brain

41
Q

3 (III): oculomotor nerve

M

A

Function: motor- Voluntary eye movement

Test: check pupil size, shape, equality.
Pupillary reflex
Check for symmetric eye movements

Symptoms: drooping eyelid, dilated pupil, double vision, difficulty focusing, and inability to move In certain directions.

42
Q

4 (IV): trochlear nerve

M

A

Function: somatomotor- voluntary Eye movements (superior oblique)

Test: check for symmetric eye movements- patient holds head in a neutral position and follows an object held by examiner

Symptoms: vertical diploplia (double vision) and inability to rotate Eye inferolaterally

43
Q

6 (VI): abducens nerve

B

A

Functions: somatomotor, voluntary Eye movements (lateral rectus)

Test: check for symmetric Eye movements

Symptoms: inability to rotate Eye laterally and at rest, Eye rotates medially because of unopposed action of the medial rectus muscle. Cannot move eyeball laterally beyond midpoint.

44
Q

Describe the pupillary reflex

A

Shine light in each eye and check for pupil constriction.

45
Q

What does consensual pupillary constriction mean?

A

When you shine a light in one eye, both eyes should still constrict.

46
Q

The afferent portion of the pupillary reflex involves cranial nerve __________.

A

Optic (2)

47
Q

The efferent portion of the pupillary reflects involves cranial nerve ______.

A

Oculomotor (3)

48
Q

5 (V): trigeminal nerve branches

M

A
  1. Ophthalmic
  2. Maxillary
  3. Mandibular

Function:

  • somatic motor (V3) to muscles of mastication.
  • sensory (V1-V3) to face and cornea.

Test: Touch a wisp of cotton on the cornea and they should blank.

Symptoms: Produces loss of sensation, impaired chewing, and loss of corneal reflex.
-tic douloureux: severe, stabbing pain to one side of face.

49
Q

7 (VII): facial nerve branches

B

A
  1. Temporal
  2. Zygomatic
  3. Buccal
  4. Mandibular
  5. Cervical

Function:

  • Somatomotor to muscles of facial expression.
  • parasympathetic (motor) to lacrimal and salivary glands.
  • special sensory taste to anterior 2/3 of tongue.

Test:

  • test anterior 2/3 of tongue with substances like salt and vinegar.
  • test response to tear glands to ammonia fumes.
  • test motor functions by asking the subject to raise eyebrows, furrow brow, smile, etc…

Symptoms: Bells palsy

50
Q

8 (VIII): Vestibulocochlear nerve

S

A

Function:

  • receptors in vestibular apparatus
  • sense of balance and equilibrium

Test: Romberg test

Symptoms: Vertigo, nausea, loss of balance, and nystagmus

51
Q

What does the Romberg test evaluate?

A

Balance

52
Q

Describe how to perform the Rhomberg test.

A
  • patient stands with arms at side, feet together.
  • examiner stands close to prevent falls.
  • normal equals maintaining position for 20 seconds with minimal swaying.
53
Q

Describe how to interpret the Romberg test.

A

Any loss of balance is a failed test.

54
Q

9 (IX): glossopharyngeal nerve

B

A

Function:

  • somatomotor to muscle of pharynx
  • parasympathetic (motor) to salivary glands
  • provides control over swallowing, salvation, gagging, sensations from posterior 1/3 of tongue.

Test:
-gag reflex: Touch each side of throat with tongue depressor.

Symptoms: loss of bitter and sour taste, impaired swallowing, loss of gag reflex.

55
Q

10 (X): vagus nerve

B

A

Function:
•Somatomotor to muscles of pharynx and larynx.
•parasympathetic (motor) fibers of heart and other viscera.
-Controls secretion of digestive fluids
-Controls cardiac muscle and smooth muscle of viscera.
• sensory to pharynx and larynx

Test: vagus function- patient says “ahh” examiner observes for pallet elevation and symmetry.

Symptoms: difficulty swallowing, hoarseness or loss of voice, fatal if both are severed.

56
Q

11 (XI): accessory nerve

M

A

Function:
•spinal portion
- somatomotor to trapezius and Sternocleidomastoid.

Test:

  • shrug shoulders against resistance
  • turn head against resistance

Symptoms: impaired head, neck and shoulder movement, head turned towards injured side

57
Q

12 (XII): hypoglossal nerve

M

A

Function:
•somatomotor to tongue-tongue movements of speech, food manipulation and swallowing.

Test: ask patient to stick tongue out.

Symptoms: inability to produce tongue if both are damaged or deviation towards the injured side and Ispilateral atrophy if one side is damaged.

Anatomy 232 (12 decks)

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