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Anatomy 232 > CH 20 > Flashcards

CH 20 Flashcards

1
Q

Arteries

A

Carry blood away from heart (efferent)

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2
Q

Veins

A

Carry blood back to heart
(afferent)
flat, thin, no crinkle

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3
Q

Capillaries

A

connect smallest arteries to veins.

exchange, gas, nutrients, and waste

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4
Q

tunica interna (tunica intima)

Endothelium:

A

Lines the blood vessel and is exposed to blood.

acts as a selectively permeable barrier. secretes chemicals that stimulate dilation or constriction of the vessel.

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5
Q

Endothelium

A

repels blood cells and platelets (prostacyclin) that may adhere and form a blood clot.

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6
Q

Leukocyte can leave stream into tissue?

A

diapedesis or emigration

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7
Q

Tunica media

vasomotion:

A
  • middle layer
  • smooth muscle, collagen, elastic tissue.
  • Vasomotion: changes in diameter of the blood vessel brought by smooth muscle.
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8
Q

Tunica externa

vaso vasorum:

A
  • outermost layer

- small vessels that supply blood to at least the outer half of larger vessels.

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9
Q

Arteries are sometimes called

A

resistance vessels

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10
Q

Conducting (elastic or large) arteries

A
  • biggest arteries
  • aorta, common carotid, subclavian, pulmonary trunk, and common iliac arteries.
  • expand during systole, recoil during diastole which lessens fluctuation in blood pressure.
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11
Q

distributing (muscular or medium) arteries

A
  • distributes blood to specific organs.
  • brachial, femoral, renal, and splenic arteries
  • smooth muscle layers 3/4 of wall thickness
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12
Q

resistance (small) arteries

A
  • Arterioles: smallest arteries (control amount of blood to various organs) leading into capillary bed
  • thicker tunica media and very little tunica externa
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13
Q

Metarterioles (control profusion)

A
  • short vessels that link arterioles to capillaries.

- muscle cells form a precapillary sphincter about entrance to capillary

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14
Q

Aneurysm

A

weak point in an artery or the heart wall.

-forms a thin walled, bulging sac that pulsates with each heartbreak and may rupture at any time.

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15
Q

Dissecting aneurysm

A

blood accumulates between the tunics of the artery and separates them, usually because of degeneration of the tunica media.

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16
Q

cause of aneurysm?

A

result from congenital weakness of the blood vessels or result of trauma or bacterial infections such as syphilis.
-most common cause os atherosclerosis and hypertension

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17
Q

capillaries

A

site where nutrients, wastes and hormones pass between the blood and tissue fluid though the walls of the vessels.
(exchange vessels)

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18
Q

Where are capillaries absent or scarce?

A

tendons, ligaments, epithelia, cornea, and lens of the eye.

-other funds? to exchange nutrients synovial or aqueous.

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19
Q

continuous capillaries

A

occur in most tissues (lead to muscles or brain, glucose)

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20
Q

fenestrated capillaries

A

kidneys, small intestine

  • organs that require rapid absorption or filtration.
  • endothelial cells riddled with holes called filtration pores (fenestrations)
  • monomers
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21
Q

Sinusoids (discontinuous capillaries)

A

liver, bone marrow, spleen

  • irregular blood-filled spaces with large fenestrations.
  • allow proteins (albumin), clotting factors, and new blood cells to enter the circulation.
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22
Q

When capillaries open

A

capillaries are well perfused with blood and egg in exchanges with the tissue fluid

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23
Q

when sphincters closed

A
  • blood bypasses the capillaries

- flows through thoroughfare channel to venule

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24
Q

postcapillary venules

A

smallest veins

-more porous than capillaries so also exchange fluid with surrounding tissues.

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25
Q

muscular venules

A

up to 1mm in diameter

-one or two layers of smooth muscle in tunica media

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26
Q

Medium veins

A

up to 10mm in diameter

-thin tunica media and thick tunica externa

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27
Q

varicose veins result in part from the failure of these valves:

A

venous valves

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28
Q

Venous Sinuses

A

veins with thin walls, large lumens, and no smooth muscle

-not capable of vasomotion

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29
Q

Large veins

A

Larger than 10mm
-smooth muscle in all 3 tunics
Ex’s: venae cavae, pulmonary veins, internal jugular veins, and renal veins.

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30
Q

Varicose vains

A

blood pools in the lower legs in people who stand for long periods stretching the veins.
-hereditary weakness, obesity, and pregnancy also promote problems.

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31
Q

Hemorrhoids

A

varicose veins of the anal canal (valsalva)

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32
Q

Circulatory routes: simplest and most common

A

heart-arteries-arterioles-capillaries-venules-veins

-passes through 1 network of capillaries from when it leaves heart and back

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33
Q

Portal system

A

blood flows through 2 consecutive capillary networks before backlit o heart.

  • between hypothalamus and anterior pituitary
  • in kidneys
  • between intestines to liver
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34
Q

Anastomosis

A

the point where two blood vessels merge

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35
Q

Arteriovenous anastomosis (shunt)

A
  • artery flows directly into vein by passing capillaries

- fingertips, toes

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36
Q

Venous anastomosis

A
  • most common
  • one vein empties directly into another
  • reason vein blockage is less serious than arterial blockage
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37
Q

Arterial anastomosis

A
  • 2 arterial merge
  • provides collateral routes of blood supply to a tissue
  • coronary circulation and around joints
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38
Q

Blood supply to a tissue can be expressed in terms of ____ and ____

A

Flow and perfusion

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39
Q

Blood flow

A

the amount of blood flowing through an organ, tissue, or blood vessel in a given time (mL/min)

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40
Q

Perfusion

A

the flow per given volume or mass of tissue in a given time (mL/min/g)

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41
Q

At rest, total flow is quite _____, and is equal to the cardiac output.

Exersize?

A

constant
5.25L/min

15L/min (the pump)

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42
Q

Hemodynamics

A

physical principles of blood flow based on pressure and resistance.
-the greater the pressure difference between 2 points, the greater the flow; the greater the resistance the less the flow.

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43
Q

Blood pressure

measure at_____ of arm using _____________.

A

the force that blood exerts against a vessel wall

-brachial artery; sphygmomanometer

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44
Q

systolic pressure

A

peak at arterial BP taken during ventricular contraction. artery is maximally stretched,

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45
Q

Diastolic pressure

A

minimum arterial BP taken during ventricular relaxation between heart beats. artery recoils.

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46
Q

normal BP in young adult

A

120/75mm Hg

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47
Q

Pulse pressure

A

difference between systolic and diastolic pressure.
-measures elasticity and recoil of arteries.
~40 is normal. above 60 may indicate cardiovascular disease.

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48
Q

Mean arterial pressure (MAP)

A

the mean pressure one would obtain ny taking measurements at several intervals throughout the cardiac cycle (70-100 good)

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49
Q

Hypertension

A

high BP

  • chronic is resting BP>140/90
  • can weaken small arteries and cause aneurysms
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50
Q

Hypotension

A

chronic low resting BP

  • caused by blood loss, dehydration, anemia
  • inadequate perfusion to tissues (necrosis)
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51
Q

one of the body chief mechanisms in preventing excessive blood pressure is the ability of the arteries to ______ and _______ during the cardiac cycle.

A

stretch and recoil

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52
Q

importance of arterial elasticity

A

expansion and recoil maintains steady flow of blood through cardiac cycle

  • smoothes out pressure fluctuations
  • decerases stress on small arteries
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53
Q

Why does BP rise with age?

A
  • arteries less distensible and absorb less systolic force

- loss of elastic fibers

54
Q

BP is determines by:

A

cardiac output, blood volume, and peripheral resistance

55
Q

Peripheral resistance

A

the opposition to flow that blood encounters in vessels away from the heart.

  • blood viscosity
  • vessel length
  • vessel radius
56
Q

1.Blood viscosity

A
  • RBC count and albumin concentration elevate viscosity the most.
  • decreased viscosity with anemia and hypoproteinemia speed flow
  • increased viscosity with polycythemia and dehydration slow flow
57
Q

2.Vessel length

A
  • the farther liquid travels through a tube, the more cumulative friction it encounters.
  • pressure and flow decline with distance
  • adiopse
58
Q

3.Vessel radius

A

most powerful influence over flow

-only significant was of controlling peripheral resistance.

59
Q

Vasomotion

A

change in vessel radius

60
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

by muscular effort that results in smooth muscle contraction

61
Q

Vasodialtion

A

by relaxation of the smooth muscle

-atherosclerosis

62
Q

Vessel radius affects ________

A

blood velocity

63
Q

Laminar flow

A

flows in layers, faster in center

64
Q

From aorta to capillaries, blood velocity decreases for 3 reason:

A
  • greater distance, more friction to reduce speed.
  • smaller radii of arterioles and capillaries offers more resistance.
  • farther from heart, the number of vessels and their total cross-sectional area become greater and greater (divergence)
65
Q

From capillaries to vena cava, flow increases again

A
  • decreases resistance going from capillaries to veins

- convergence

66
Q

______ are the most significant point of control over peripheral resistance and flow.

A

Arterioles

  • highly capable of vasomotion
  • arterioles produce half of the total peripheral resistance.
67
Q

_______ a quick and powerful way of altering blood pressure and flow

3 ways of controlling?

A

Vasomotion

  • local control
  • Neural control
  • Hormonal control
68
Q

Autoregulation

A

the ability of tissues to regulate their own blood supply

69
Q

Metabolic theory of autoregulation

A

if tissue is inadequately perfused, wastes accumulate (K+, lactic aside, CO2) simulating vasodilation which increases perfusion.

  • blood stream delivers oxygen and removes metabolites
  • when wastes are removed, vessels constrict
70
Q

Vasoactive chemicals

____, ____, ____ stimulate vasodilation

Endothelial cells secrete _______ and ______ and________

A
  • substances secreted by platelets, endothelial cells, and perivascular tissue to stimulate vasomotion.
  • histamine, bradykinin, prostaglandins
  • prostacyclin, nitric oxide (vasodilators), and endothelia’s (vasoconstrictor)
71
Q

Reactive hyperemia

A

if blood supply cut off (wastes increase) then restores, flow increases above normal

72
Q

Angiogenesis

A

growth of new blood vessels

  • regrowth of uterine lining, around coronary artery obstructions in, in exercised (aerobic) muscle, and malignant tumors, adipose
  • regression
  • controlled by growth factors
73
Q

________ center of medulla oblongata exerts _______ control over blood vessels through the body.

A

Vasomotor; sympathetic

74
Q

____________ respond only to local and hormonal control due to lack of innervation.

A

precapillary sphincters

75
Q

Vasomotor center is the integrating center for 3 autonomic reflexes.

A
  • baroreflexes
  • chemoreflexes
  • medullary ischemic reflex
76
Q

Baroreflex

  • increases in BP detected by _____.
  • signals sent to brainstem by way of _________
A

am automatic, negative feedback response to changes in BP.

  • carotid sinuses
  • glossopharyngeal nerve (blood flout brain)
77
Q

Chemoreflex

A

an autonomic response to changes i blood chemistry.

-especially pH, and concentration of O2 and CO2

78
Q

Chemoreceptors called ____ bodies and _____ bodies.

A

aortic; carotid

  • located in aortic arch, subclavian arteries, external carotid arteries.
  • processed in medulla
79
Q

Primary role

A

adjust respiration to changes in blood chemistry

80
Q

secondary role

A

vasomotion

  • hypoxemia, hypercapnia, etc.
  • stimulate breathing
81
Q

Medullary ischemic reflex

A

automatic response to a drop in perfusion of the brain.

-medulla monitors own blood supply

82
Q

other brain centers can affect vasomotor center

A

stress, anger, and arousal can also increase BP

83
Q

hormones influence BP

  • some through their ____
  • some by regulating ___
A
  • vasoactive effects

- water balance

84
Q

Angiotensin 2

A

potent vasoconstrictor

  • raises BP
  • promotes Na+ and water retention by kidneys
  • increases blood volume and pressure
  • renin (kidneys)-angiotensin 1-angiotensin 2 (lungs)
85
Q

Atrial natriuretic peptide

A

increases urinary sodium excretion

  • reduces blood volume and promotes vasodilation
  • lowers BP
86
Q

____ promotes water retention and raises BP

A

ADH

-vasoconstrictor

87
Q

Epinephrine and norepinephrine effects:

A

most blood vessels
-bind to a-adernergic receptors (vasoconstriction)

skeletal and cardiac blood vessels
-nid to b-andernergic receptors (vasodilation)

88
Q

Localized vasoconstriction

A

if a specific artery constricts, the pressure downstream drops, pressure upstream rises
-enables routing blood to different organs as needed.

89
Q

most important blood in body is in?

A

capillaries

90
Q

capillary exchange

A

two way movement of fluid across capillary walls

-water, oxygen, glucose, amino acids, lipids, minerals, antibodies, hormones, wastes, carbon dioxide, ammonia.

91
Q

mechanisms involved in capillary exchange?

A
  • diffusion
  • transcytosis
  • filtration
  • reabsorption
92
Q

____ the most important form of capillary exchange.

A

diffusion

93
Q

capillary diffusion can only occur is:

A

-the solute can permeate the plasma membranes of the endothelial cell or find passages large enough to pass through (filtration pores and intracellular clefts)

94
Q

lips soluble substances

A

steroid hormones, O2, and CO2 diffs easily through plasma membranes

95
Q

water soluble substances

A

glucose and electrolytes must pass through filtration pores and intracellular clefts

96
Q

Transcytosis

A

endothelial cells pick up material on one side if the plasma membrane by pinocytosis or receptor mediated endocytosis, transport vesicles across cell, and discharge material on other side by exocytosis
-important for fatty acids, albumin, and some hormones (insulin)

97
Q

Blood hydrostatic pressure

A

drives fluid out of capillary

-high on arterial end. low on venous end

98
Q

Colloid osmotic pressure

oncotic pressure:

A

draws fluid into capillary
-results from plasma proteins (albumin) more in blood

=net COP (blood COP-tissue COP)

99
Q

Hydrostatic pressure

A

physical force exerted against a surface by a liquid (ex: BP)

100
Q

Capillaries absorb about ____ of the fluid they filter.

Other ____ is absorbed by the _______ and returned to the blood

A

85%
15%
lymphatic system

101
Q

Edema

A

tje accumulation of excess fluid in a tissue.

-occurs when fluid filters into a tissue faster than it is absorbed.

102
Q

3 primary causes of edema

A

increased capillary filtration
-kidney and heart failure, histamine release, old age, poor venous return, highBP

reduced capillary absorption
-Hypoproteinemia, liver disease, dietary protein deficiency

Obstructed lymphatic drainage
-surgical removal of lymph nodes

103
Q

Tissue necrosis

A

oxygen delivery and waste removal impaired

104
Q

pulmonary edema

A

suffocation threat

105
Q

cerebral edema

A

headaches, nausea, seizures, and coma

106
Q

severe edema or circulatory shock

A

excess fluid in tissue spaces causes low blood volume and low blood pressure

107
Q

Venous return

  • pressure gradient
  • _____ drains blood from head and neck.
  • ______ in the limbs
A

the flow of blood back to the heart

  • BP most important, 7-13mm Hg venous pressure to heart, venules 12-18mm to central venous pressure: point where the venae cavae enter the heart.
  • gravity
  • skeletal muscle pump
108
Q

Thoracic (respiratory) pump

A

inhalation-thoracic cavity expands and thoracic pressure decreases, abdominal pressure increases forcing blood upward.(central venous pressure fluctuates)
-2mm Hg (inhalation), 6mm Hg (exhalation)

109
Q

Ways exercise increases venous return:

A
  • heart beats faster and harder, increasing CO and BP.
  • vessels of skeletal muscles, lungs, and heart dilate and increase flow.
  • increased respiratory rate, increases action of thoracic pump.
  • increased skeletal muscle pump.
110
Q

Venous pooling

A

occurs with inactivity

  • pressure not enough to force blood up
  • with prolonged standing, CO may be low enough to cause dizziness
  • jet pilots wear pressure suits
111
Q

Circulatory shock

A

any state in which cardiac output is insufficient to meet the body’s metabolic needs

112
Q

Cardiogenic shock

A

inadequate pumping of heart (MI)

113
Q

Low venous return

A

cardiac output is low because too little blood is returning to the heart

114
Q

3 principle forms of circulatory shock:

A
  • Hypovolemic shock
  • Obstructed venous return shock
  • Venous pooling (vascular) shock
115
Q

Hypovolemic shock

A

most common

-loss of blood volume; trauma, burns, dehydration

116
Q

Obstructed venous return shock

A

tumor or aneurysm compresses a vein

117
Q

Venous pooling (vascular) shock

A

Long periods of standing, sitting, or widespread vasodilation

118
Q

Neurogenic shock

A

loss of vasomotor tone, vasodilation.

-causes from emotional shock to brainstem injury

119
Q

Septic shock

A

bacterial toxins trigger vasodilation and increased capillary permeability

120
Q

Anaphylactic shock

A

severe immune reaction to antigen, histamine release, generalized vasodilation, increased capillary permeability.

121
Q

Compensated shock

A

several homeostatic mechanisms bring about spontaneous recovery.
-Ex: if a person faints and falls to horizontal position, gravity restores blood flow to the brains.

122
Q

Decompensated shock

A
  • triggers when the compensated shock mechanism fails.
  • life threatening positive feedback loops occur.
  • condition gets worse causing damage to cardiac and brain tissue.
123
Q

Cerebral arteries dilate as systemic BP___, constricts as BP _____.

A

drops

rises

124
Q

main chemical stimulus

A

pH

125
Q

Hypercapnia

A

CO2 levels increase in brain , pH decreases, triggers vasodilation

126
Q

Hypocapnia

A

raises pH, stimulates vasoconstriction

-occurs with hyperventilation, may lead to ischemia, dizziness, and sometimes syncope.

127
Q

Transient ischemic attacks (TIA’s)

A

brief episodes of cerebral ischemia

  • caused by spasms of diseased cerebral arteries
  • dizziness, loss of vision, weakness, paralysis, headache, or aphasia.
  • lasts from a moment to a few hours.
  • often early warning of impending stroke.
128
Q

Stroke or cerebral vascular accident

A

sudden death of brain tissue caused by ischemia

-atherosclerosis, thrombosis, ruptured aneurysm.

129
Q

Hypertension

A

most common cardiovascular disease affecting about 30% of americans over 50
-silent killer

130
Q

Primary hypertension

A

obesity, sedentary behavior, diet, nicotine

131
Q

Secondary hypertension

A

secondary to other disease

-kidney disease, hyperthyroidism

132
Q

Prevent hypertension

A
  • lose weight
  • limit alcohol
  • exercise
  • reduce salt intake (elderly)
  • No smoking
  • manage stress

Anatomy 232 (12 decks)

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