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Anatomy 232 > CH 14 > Flashcards

CH 14 Flashcards

1
Q

TBI’s (concussion, contusion)

A
  • drowsiness
  • lack of focus
  • confusion
  • amnesia
  • headache
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2
Q

Rostral

A

toward the forehead

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3
Q

Caudal

A

toward the spinal cord

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4
Q

Cerebrum

A

83% of brain volume

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5
Q

Cerebellum

A

50 % of the neurons, 2nd largest region.

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6
Q

Longitudinal fissure

A

deep groove that separates cerebral hemispheres

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7
Q

Corpus callosum

A

thick nerve bundle at bottom of longitudinal fissure that connects hemispheres.

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8
Q

Brainstem

-major components

A
  • diencephalon
  • midbrain
  • pons
  • medulla oblongata
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9
Q

Gray matter

A

the seat of neuron cell bodies, dendrites, and synapses.

  • form cortex over cerebrum and cerebellum
  • fors nuclei deep within brain.
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10
Q

White matter

A

bundles of axons

  • lies deep to cortical gray matter, opposite than the spinal chord.
  • composed of tracts, or bundles of axons, that connect one part of the brain to another, and to the spinal cord.
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11
Q

Meninges

A

3 connective fissure membranes the envelop the brain.

  • dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
  • protect the brain and provide structural frame work for it arteries and veins.
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12
Q

Dura mater

A

2 layers

  • periosteal
  • meningeal

-cranial dura mater is pressed closely against cranial bones
(no epidural space)
-layers separated by DURAL SINUSES

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13
Q

Arachnoid mater

A
  • subarachnoid space separates it from pia mater below.

- Subdural space separates it from dura mater above in some places.

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14
Q

Pia mater

A

-very thin membrane that follows contours of brain, even dipping into sulci.

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15
Q

Meningitis

A

inflammation of the meninges.

  • serious disease of infancy and childhood.
  • especially between 3 mons and 2 years.
  • cause by bacterial and virus invasion of the CNS by way of the nose and throat.
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16
Q

Bacterial meningitis

A

can cause swelling of the brain, enlargement of the ventricles, and hemorrhage.

  • headache, nausea, and stiff neck.
  • diagnosed by examining the CSF for bacteria (spinal tap)
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17
Q

lumbar puncture (spinal tap)

A

draws fluid from subarachnoid space between two lumbar vertebrae.
-L2-L3 or L3-L4

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18
Q

Choroid plexus

A

spongy mass of blood capillaries.

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19
Q

Ependyma

A

Neuroglia that lines the ventricles and covers choroid plexus.
-produces CSF

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20
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid

A

clear, colorless liquid that fills the ventricles and canals of CNS.
-Brain produces and absorbs 500mL/day.

slides 24-28

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21
Q

Functions of CSF

A
  • Buoyancy
  • protection (shaken child syndrome and concussions do occur from severe jolting)
  • Chemical stability (sleep)
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22
Q

Brain is only___% of the adult body weight, and receives ____% of the blood

A

2% ; 15%

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23
Q

A 10 second interruption of blood flow may cause ___.

A

loss of consciousness

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24
Q

A 1 to 2 minute interruption can cause ______.

A

impairment of neural function.

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25
Q

Going 4 mins without blood cause ______.

A

irreversible brain damage.

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26
Q

2 points of entry the must be guarded.

A
  • blood capillaries throughout the brain tissue.

- capillaries of the choroid plexus.

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27
Q

Blood-brain barrier

A

protects blood capillaries through brain tissue.

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28
Q

Astrocytes

A

reach out and contact capillaries with their perivascular feet.

  • induce endothelial cells to form tight junctions that completely seal off gaps between them.
  • anything leaving the blood must pass through the cell and not between them.
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29
Q

Endothelial cells

A

can exclude harmful substances from passing to the brain tissue while allowing necessary ones to pass.

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30
Q

Blood-CSF barrier

A

protects the brain at the choroid plexus

  • blood barrier system is HIGHLY permeable to water, glucose, and lipid soluble substances like oxygen, carbon dioxide, alcohol, caffeine, nicotine, and anesthetics.
  • SLIGHTLY permeable to sodium, potassium, chloride, and the waste products urea and creatinine.
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31
Q

circumventricular organs

CVO’s

A

places in the third and fourth ventricles where the barrier is absent.

  • blood has direct access to brain.
  • a route for invasion (HIV)
  • cocaine and meth damage BBB.
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32
Q

Medulla oblongata

A
  • cardiac center
  • vasomotor center
  • respiratory center
  • reflex center
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33
Q

Pons

A

communicates with cerebellum.

-sleep and posture

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34
Q

Substantia nigra

A

produce dopamine

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35
Q

degeneration of neurons leads to tremors of ______ disease.

A

parkinsons

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36
Q

reticular formation

A

sleep and consciousness :
-plays a role in states of consciousness such as alertness and sleep.

Habituation (thalamus): process in which the brain learns to ignore repetitive info.

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37
Q

cerebellum

A

monitors muscle contractions and aids in motor coordination.

  • evaluation of sensory input
  • timekeeping center
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38
Q

Lessions in the cerebellum may result in ____ and ____.

A

emotional overreactions and trouble with impulse control.

FAS=ADHD

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39
Q

Diencephalon

A
  • thalamus
  • hypothalamus
  • epithalamus
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40
Q

Thalamus

A
  • gateway to cerebral cortex

- memory and emotional functions of the limbic system.

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41
Q

Hypothalamus

A

major control center of autonomic nervous system and endocrine system.

  • autonomic effects
  • thermoregulation
  • food and water intake
  • rhythm of sleep and walking
  • memory
  • emotional behavior
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42
Q

Epithalamus

A

very small mass of tissue composed of:

  • pineal gland: secretes melatonin
  • habunela
43
Q

frontal lobe

A
  • voluntary motor functions

- motivation,foresight, planning, memory, moods emotion, social judgment and aggression, smell, and taste.

44
Q

parietal lobe

A

receives and integrates general sensory info

-taste

45
Q

occipital lobe

A

visual center

46
Q

temporal lobe

A

areas for haring, smell, learning, memory.

47
Q

Insula

A

(hidden)

-taste, speech

48
Q

3 types of tracts

A
  • projection tracts
  • commissural tracts
  • association tracts
49
Q

Association tracts

A

connect different regions within the same cerebral hemisphere

50
Q

long association fibers

A

connect different lobes of a hemisphere to each other

51
Q

short association fibers

A

connect different gyri within a single lobe

52
Q

_______is carried out in the gray matter of the cerebrum.

A

Neural integration

53
Q

cerebral gray matter is found in 3 places:

A
  • cerebral cortex
  • basal nuclei
  • limbic system
54
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

layer covering the surface of the hemispheres.

  • 2 to 3 mm thick
  • 40% of brain mass
  • 14-16 billion neurons
55
Q

Neocortex

A

6 layered tissue that is about 90% of the human cerebral cortex.
-relatively recent in evolution

56
Q

Basal nuclei

A

masses off cerebral gray matter buried deep in the white matter, lateral tp thalamus.

  • receives input from SUBSTANTIA NIGRA of the midbrain and motor areas of cortex.
  • sends signals back to both locations
  • motor control
57
Q

3 brain centers form basal nuclei:

A
  • caudate nucleus
  • putamen
  • globus pallidus
58
Q

Lentiform nucleus

A

putamen and globus pallidus collectively

59
Q

Corpus striatum

A

putamen and caudate nucleus collectively

60
Q

Limbic system

-prominent parts:

A

center of emotion and learning.
(olfaction)

  • cingulate gyrus
  • hippocampus
  • amygdala
61
Q

Cingulate gyrus

A

arches over the top of the corpus callosum in the frontal and parietal lobes. (receives inout from other limbic structures)

62
Q

Hippocampus

A

in the medial temporal lobe; memory (fact memory)

63
Q

Amygdala

  • gratification:
  • aversion:
A

immediately rostral to the hippocampus (emotional memory)

  • sensations of pleasure or reward.
  • sensations of sorrow or fear.
64
Q

higher brain functions

A

sleep, memory, cognition, emotion, sensation, motor control, and language.

65
Q

integrative functions of the brain focus mainly on the ____cerebrum, but involve combined action of ______.

A

cerebrum; multiple brain levels

66
Q

alpha waves 8 to 13 Hz

A
  • awake and resting with eyes closed and mind wandering.

- suppressed when eyes open or performing a mental task.

67
Q

Beta waves 14 to 30 Hz

A
  • Eyes open and performing mental tasks.

- Accentuated during mental activity and sensory stimulation.

68
Q

Theta waves 4 to 7 Hz

A
  • drowsy or sleeping adults

- if awake and under emotional stress

69
Q

Delta waves (high amplitude) <3.5 Hz

A

-deep sleep in adults

70
Q

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

A

monitors surface electrical activity of brain waves.

  • useful for studying normal brain functions as sleep and consciousness.
  • in diagnosis of degenerative brain disease, metabolic abnormalities, brain tumors, etc.
71
Q

restorative effect

A
  • brain glycogen and ATP levels increase in non-REM sleep

- memories strengthened in REM sleep.

72
Q

Stage 1 of sleep

A
  • feel drowsy, close eyes, begin to relax.
  • often feel drifting sensation, easily awakened.
  • alpha waves
73
Q

stage 2 of sleep

A
  • pass into light sleep]

- exhibits (REM)

74
Q

Stage 3 of sleep

A
  • moderate to deep sleep-
  • about 20 mins after stage 1
  • theta and delta waves appear
  • muscles relax and vital signs fall.
75
Q

stage 4 of sleep

A

deep sleep

-slow wave sleep: EEG dominated by low frequency, high amplitude delta waves.

76
Q

REM

A
  • vital signs increase, brain use more oxygen than when awake.
  • sleep paralysis stronger

dreams occur in both rem and non rem.

77
Q

_____ active in REM sleep

A

Parasympathetic nervous system.

  • causing constriction of pupils.
  • erection of the penis and clitoris.
78
Q

Cognition

A

the range of mental processes by which we acquire and use knowledge
-thought, reasoning, memory, imagination, etc.

(association are of cerebral cortex have above function… 75% of brain tissue)

79
Q

Amnesia

A

defects in declarative memory: inability to describe past events.

80
Q

Procedural memory

  • anterograde amnesia
  • retrograde amnesia
A

ability to tie ones shoes

  • unable to store new info.
  • person cannot recall things known before injury.
81
Q

Hippocampus

A

important memory forming center.

  • does not store memories.
  • organizes sensory and cognitive info into long term.
82
Q

long term memories are stored in various areas of the _____.

A

cerebral cortex

83
Q

Vocabulary and memory of familiar faces are stored in superior _______.

A

temporal lobe

84
Q

memories of one’s plans and social roles are stored in the ______.

A

prefrontal cortex

85
Q

Cerebellum (memory)

A

helps learn motor skills

86
Q

Amygdala (memory)

A

emotional memory

87
Q

Phones Gage

A

railroad worker; serve head injury.

  • injury to ventromedial region of both frontal lobes.
  • personality change
88
Q

Prefrontal cortex functions

A

planning, moral judgment, and emotional control.

89
Q

feelings come from ___ and ____.

A

hypothalamus and amygdala.

90
Q

Sensory homunculus

A

upside down sensory map of the contralateral side of body

91
Q

Somatotopy

A

point for point correspondence between and area of the body and an area of the CNS.

92
Q

Dyskinesias

A

movement disorders cause by lesions in the basal nuclei.

93
Q

Ataxia

A

clumsy awkward gait (cerebellum)

94
Q

Wernicke area

A
  • permits recognition of spoken and written language and create plan of speech.
  • when we intend to speak, Wernicke area formulates phrases according to learned rules of grammar.
  • transmits plan of speech to broca area.
95
Q

Broca area

A
  • generates motor program for the muscles of the larynx, tongue, cheeks, and lips.
  • transmits program to primary motor cortex for commands to the lower motor neurons that supply relevant muscles.
96
Q

Aprosody

A

flat emotionless speech (produced by lesions in affective language area)

97
Q

Aphasia

A

any language deficit from lesions in same hemisphere (usually left) containing wernicke and broca areas.

98
Q

Nonfluent (broca) aphasia

A
  • lesion in broca area

- slow speech, difficulty in choosing words, using words that only approximate the correct word.

99
Q

Fluent (wernicke) aphasia

A
  • lesion in wernicke area
  • speech normal and excessive, but uses senseless jargon.
  • cannot comprehend written and spoken words.
100
Q

Anomic (wernicke) aphasia

A

can speak and understand speech, but cannot identify written words or pictures.

101
Q

Cerebral lateralization

A

the difference in the structure and function of the cerebral hemispheres

102
Q

left hemisphere

A

categorical hemispheres

  • specialized for spoken and written language.
  • sequential and analytical reasoning (math and science).
  • breaks info into fragments and analyzes it in a linear way.
103
Q

Right hemisphere

A

representational hemisphere

  • perceive info in a more integrated holistic way
  • imagination
  • music and art
  • patterns and spatial relationships.
  • comparisons of senses.
104
Q

Lateralization develops with age:

A

males exhibit more lateralization than females and suffer more functional loss when one hemisphere is damaged
-ex: stroke

Anatomy 232 (12 decks)

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