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Respiratory system > Embryology 1 & 2 > Flashcards

Embryology 1 & 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the bronchial tree?

A

it is the branching system of bronchi and bronchioles, conducting air from the windpipe into the lungs

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2
Q

what is the function of the bronchial tree?

A

the bronchial tree distributes air to the lungs

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3
Q

what structure is responsible for the primary function of the lungs, exchanging carbon dioxide and oxygen?

A

the alveoli

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4
Q

what are alveoli?

A

tiny sacs within our lungs that allow oxygen and carbon dioxide to more between the lungs and bloodstream

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5
Q

what is the process by which male and female gametes are formed?

A

they are formed during a process of cellular reproduction called meiosis

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6
Q

during meiosis how many times is DNA replicated?

A

once

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7
Q

how many cells are the cells divided into from one circle of meiosis?

A

4 separate cells

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8
Q

what is fertilisation?

A

it is the action or process of fertilising an egg or a female animal or plant, involving the fusion of male and female gametes to form a zygote

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9
Q

what is a blastocyst?

A

it is a thin walled hollow structure in early embryonic development that contains a cluster of cells called the inner cell mass from which the embryo arises

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10
Q

what does a blastocyst possess which subsequently forms the embryo?

A

an inner cell mass

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11
Q

what is the trophoblast?

A

the cells collected in the outer layer of the blastocyst

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12
Q

what gives rise to the placenta?

A

the trophoblast

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13
Q

what is implanted into the uterine wall?

A

the blastocyst

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14
Q

what is placenta?

A

it is a flattened circular organ in the uterus of pregnant eutherian mammals, nourishing and maintaining the foetus through the umbilical cord

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15
Q

basically describe placenta

A

it is a temporary organ that joins the mother and foetus

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16
Q

what transfers oxygen and nutrients from the mother to the foetus and permits the release of carbon dioxide and waste products from the foetus?

A

the placenta

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17
Q

what is the upper surface of the placenta like?

A

smooth

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18
Q

what is the under surface of placenta like?

A

rough

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19
Q

what is the placenta composed of?

A

it is composed of both maternal tissue and tissue derived from the embryo

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20
Q

what is the chorion?

A

it is the embryonic-derived portion of the placenta

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21
Q

what is the chorion composed of?

A

fatal blood vessels and trophoblasts which are organised into finger-like structures called chorionic villi

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22
Q

what does the placenta remove?

A

waste products, like carbon dioxide

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23
Q

what does the placenta act to provide?

A

oxygen and nutrients to the foetus

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24
Q

what is the fatal placenta called?

A

the chorion frondosum

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25
Q

what develops from the same blastocyst that forms the foetus?

A

the fatal placenta

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26
Q

what metabolises a number of substances and release metabolic products into maternal and/or fatal circulations?

A

the placenta

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27
Q

what functions as a fetomaternal organ with 2 compounds ?

A

the placenta

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28
Q

what are the 2 compounds of the placenta?

A

the fatal placenta and the maternal placenta

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29
Q

what is the maternal placenta called?

A

decidua basalis

30
Q

what does the maternal placenta develop from?

A

it develops from the maternal uterine tissue

31
Q

what are chorionic villi?

A

they are villi that sprout from the chorion to provide maximum contact area with maternal blood

32
Q

what are an essential element in pregnancy from a histomorphologic perspective?

A

chorionic villi

33
Q

what are part of the border between maternal and fatal blood during pregnancy?

A

villi

34
Q

what are the main functional units of the placenta?

A

the chorionic villi

35
Q

why are the chorionic villi the main functional units of the placenta?

A

they are within which fatal blood is separated by only 3 or 4 cell layers from maternal blood in the surrounding intervillous space

36
Q

what is the bilaminar disc?

A

the bilaminar disc it refers to the epiblast and the hypoblast, evolved from the embryoblast

37
Q

what are the 2 balloons that the 2 layers the epiblast and the hypoblast are sandwiched between?

A

the primitive yolk

and the amniotic cavity

38
Q

when is the bilaminar embryonic disc formed?

A

it is formed when the inner cell mass forms 2 layers of cells, separated by an extracellular basement membrane

39
Q

what is the external layer of the bilaminar disc called?

A

the epiblast

40
Q

what is the internal layer of the bilaminar disc called?

A

the hypoblast

41
Q

what do the epiblast and the hypoblast compose?

A

the bilaminar embryonic disc

42
Q

what is the trilaminar disc?

A

it is an early stage in the development of triploblastic organisms, which include humans and many other animals

43
Q

what is the bilaminar disc differentiated further into?

A

the trilaminar disc

44
Q

what is the trilaminar disc?

A

it is an embryo which exists as 3 germ layers

45
Q

what are the 3 germ layers?

A

the ectoderm,
mesoderm and
endoderm

46
Q

what is the ectoderm?

A

it is the primary germ layer in the very early embryo

47
Q

what is the outermost layer of cells or tissue of an embryo in early development called?

A

the ectoderm

48
Q

what parts are derived from the ectoderm?

A

the epidermis
nerve tissue and
nephridia

49
Q

what does the ectoderm emerge and originate from?

A

the outer layer of germ cells

50
Q

what is the mesoderm?

A

it is a primary germ layer in the very early embryo

51
Q

what is the middle layer of cells or tissues of an embryo?

A

the mesoderm

52
Q

what parts are derived from the mesoderm?

A

cartilage
muscles
bone

53
Q

what germ layer forms connective tissue and muscle throughout the body?

with the exception of in the head region where some of these structures have a neural crest origin

A

the mesoderm

54
Q

what is the endoderm?

A

it is a primary germ layer in the very early embryo

55
Q

what is the innermost layer of cells or tissue of an embryo in early development?

A

the endoderm

56
Q

what parts are derived from the endoderm?

A

the lining of the gut and associated structures

57
Q

what is the neural tube?

A

is it a hollow structure in an embryo

58
Q

what forms the neural tube?

A

the brain and spinal cord

59
Q

what can defects in the development of the neural tube result in?

A

congenital abnormalities such as spina bifida

60
Q

what is the formation process of the neural tube called?

A

neurulation

61
Q

when does neurulation begin?

A

it begins when the underlying dorsal mesoderm signals the ectodermal cells above it to elongate into columnar neural plate cells

62
Q

what does the embryonic structure the neural tube ultimately form?

A

the brain and spinal cord

63
Q

what is the process of neurulation divided into?

A

primary neurulation and secondary neurulation

64
Q

what is primary neurulation?

A

it is when the cells surrounding the neural plate direct the neural plate cells to proliferate, invaginate and pinch off from the surface to form a hollow tube

65
Q

what is the gut tube?

A

it is the primitive precursor of both the respiratory and digestive systems

66
Q

how is the formation of the gut tube initiated?

A

it is initiated by ventrally directed invagination of the anterior intestinal portal and the causal intestinal portal, respectively situated at the anterior and posterior ends of the endoderm

67
Q

what is the lung bud also known as?

A

the respiratory bud

68
Q

name an embryological endodermal structure

A

the lung bud

69
Q

what does the lung bud develop into?

A

the respiratory tract organs such as the larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs

70
Q

what does the lung bud originate from?

A

the lung bud forms from the respiratory diverticulum

71
Q

what is the respiratory diverticulum?

A

it is a ventral outgrowth of the foregut endoderm

Respiratory system (24 decks)

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