Pathology of restrictive lung disease

Question 1

what are restrictive lung diseases?

Answer 1

they are a category of extra pulmonary, pleural or parenchymal respiratory diseases that restrict lung expansion, resulting in a decreased lung volume, and increased work of breathing, and inadequate ventilation and/or oxygenation

Question 2

what is sarcoidosis?

Answer 2

it is a chronic disease of unknown cause characterised by the enlargement of lymph nodes in many parts of the body and the widespread appearance of granulomas derived from the reticuloendothelial system

Question 3

what are symptoms of sarcoidosis?

Answer 3

tender reddish bumps on the skin
red eyes
blurred vision
swollen and painful joints
enlarged and tender lymph glands in the neck, armpits, and groin
enlarged lymph glands in the chest and around the lungs,
hoarse voice

Question 4

what is occupational lung disease?

Answer 4

it is a lung disease that was caused by or aggravated by an exposure on the job

Question 5

what type of restrictive lung disease is usually caused by repeated and long term exposure to irritating or toxic substances?

Answer 5

occupational lung disease

Question 6

what are symptoms of occupational lung disease?

Answer 6

coughing
shortness of breath
chest pain
chest tightness
abnormal breathing pattern

Question 7

what is hypersensitivity pneumonitis?

Answer 7

it is an inflammation of the alveoli within the lung

Question 8

what is hypersensitivity pneumonitis caused by?

Answer 8

hypersensitivity of inhaled organic dusts, sufferers are commonly exposed to the dust by their occupation or hobbies

Question 9

what are symptoms of hypersensitivity pneumonitis?

Answer 9

flulike illness including fever, chills, muscle or joint pain, headaches, rales, cough, chronic bronchitis, shortness of breath, anorexia, wight loss, fatigue, fibrosis of the lungs, clubbing of fingers or toes

Question 10

what is idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis?

Answer 10

it is a type of lung disease that results in scarring of the lungs for an unknown reason

overtime, the scarring gets worse and it becomes hard to take in a deep breath and the lungs cannot take in enough oxygen

Question 11

what are symptoms of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis?

Answer 11

shortness of breath,
dry cough,
fast shallow breathing,
gradual unintended weight loss,
tiredness,
aching joints and muscles,
clubbing of the tips of the fingers or toes

Question 12

what are interstitial lung diseases?

Answer 12

a group of lung disease affecting the interstitium

Question 13

what does interstitial lung disease concern?

Answer 13

alveolar epithelium,
pulmonary capillary endothelium,
basement membrane,
perivascular tissues and
perilymphatic tissues

Question 14

what is the lung interstitium?

Answer 14

it is the tissue and space around the air sacs of the lungs

Question 15

what is diffuse alveolar damage syndrome?

Answer 15

it is a histological pattern in lung disease

Question 16

what is seen in acute respiratory distress syndrome, transfusion related acute lung injuries and acute interstitial pneumonia?

Answer 16

diffuse alveolar damage syndrome

Question 17

what are symptoms and signs of diffuse alveolar damage syndrome?

Answer 17

dyspnea
cough
fever

Question 18

what are end-stage pulmonary fibrosis symptoms?

Answer 18

chest pain
depression
poor appetite
increased anxiety
bothersome cough
becoming housebound
reduced lung function
disturbed sleep patterns

Question 19

apart from worsening of symptoms what can pulmonary fibrosis flare-ups lead to?

Answer 19

reduced blood oxygen levels and after a flare-up, lung function doesn’t return to the level it was before, and breathing usually becomes more difficult