Chapter 2 Flashcards
Policing shifted from an informal to a formal system. Most transformations in policing were the result of five interrelated pressures: (5)
- continued population growth
- shift from agrarian to industrial economy
- increased complexity and inequity in distribution of material resources
- the crowding of people into cities
- advances in technology
Early development of English law enforcement: communities were organized into tithing, hundreds, and shires.
(1) Tithing?
(2) Hundred?
(3) Shire?
Tithing: every 10 citizens
Hundred: every 10 tiltings Shire: a group of hundreds-equivalent to a county
HISTORY OF COMMUNIITY POLICING
Police were issued to control and regulate the two major economic engines of the time: (2)
- slaves
2. industrial workers
While the history of American policing can be traced to its English origins, the Americans system of policing evolved from an amalgamation of systems from what three countries?
- England
- France
- Spain
Perhaps the earliest organized law enforcement effort was the night watch, first established in a Boston town meeting in 1636. No doubt the most famous night watchman was:
Paul Revere
What makes vigilantism different from “ responsible citizen action” is that it often operates in opposition to formal legal norms and often driven by: (3)
- xenophobia
- racism and
- prejudice
Vigilantism is based on three rationalizations:
- self-preservation
- right of revolution
- economic rationale
Seven areas that Vollmer and Wilson revolutionized policing according to Kelling and Moore:
- Authorization
- Function
- Organizational design
- Demand for services
- Relationship for environment
- Tactics/technology
- Outcomes
Ethnic minorities cling together because of (4)
- culture
- heritage
- language
- rejection & oppression by the mainstream
Police Community Relations programs overall suffered two major interrelated problems because of the inherent lack of ___________ and ___________.
- follow-up
2. accountability
Team policing recognized that one of PCR’s (police community relations) main defects was its reliance on (1) __________ and NOT (2) __________.
- Staff
2. line officers
Team policing also suffered because it was still basically a:
Reactive approach
What is a major reason why community policing calls for an alteration in police organizational structure?
Because team policing failed by ignoring the power of mid-level police supervisors and vested decision-making authority with street level officers. This created a situation where police supervisors’ authority and power were challenged.
Many factors set the stage for the birth of community policing: What were they?
- police and political reformers advancing their agenda
- the influx of government funding for community policing
- the alienation of the police from the community
- the narrowing of the police mission to crime fighting
- over reliance of the scientific management that stressed efficiency and effectiveness
- increased reliance on high-tech gadgetry
- insulation of police administration from community control and accountability
- concern about police violation of human rights
- failed PCR, crime prevention and team policing units
The book lists a series of factors that set the stage for the birth of community policing. The book then mention that most of these elements share two common themes:
- isolation of the police from the public
2. a growing use of overt and symbolic violence to control groups in society
