Chapter 11

Question 1

Criminologists have long studied juvenile crime and developed a number of theories explaining it. Some of these theories explain crime in terms of socialization, social bonding, Association, social, this organization, conflict, or strain. However, the most useful theory is:

Answer 1

Life-course theory

Question 2

This theory states that much cruel behavior begins at an early age. As a result, of exposure to multiple interwoven social, economic, and educational problems.

Answer 2

Life-course theory

Question 3

A multitude of factors that can contribute to delinquency and crime include:

Answer 3

1. Community
2. Family
3. School
4. Peers
5. Individual factors

Question 4

When developing juvenile crime prevention programs, where should CPO’s they first concentrate on:

Answer 4

those areas where the problem is concentrated

Question 5

Two out of the top three reasons for being bullied were:

Answer 5

Because people were perceived the victim as either gay, lesbian, or bisexual, or by how masculine or feminine they seemed.

Question 6

There seems to be some agreement about why kids are attracted to and join gangs. Howell has identified several reasons:

Answer 6

1. First, gangs provide juveniles with prestige or status that otherwise is not available through conventional means.
2. Second, gangs provide an opportunity for juveniles to be with others who are like themselves, causing girls to be attracted to gangs.
3. Third, gangs provide excitement.
4. Finally, gangs provide mentor members; they help members adjust to social problems.

Question 7

These are court orders obtained by the police that prohibit specifically identified gang members from associating with each other, prevents them from being in specific places, and prohibits them from engaging in certain activities such as possessing drugs.

Answer 7

Civil injunctions

Question 8

Ruiz and Miller (2204) have identified five reasons why people with mental disorders are likely to be combative when confronted by police officers:

Answer 8

1. People with disorders become fearful because they are often put under the control of people they do not know
2. People experiencing a mental health crisis tend not to cooperate with police officers or other officials
3. They become fearful of the police officer’s uniform or the officers overpowering attitude
4. Officers often do not understand the mentally ill or have compassion for them
5. Many officers fear persons with mental illness, which had a tendency to escalate the situation.

Question 9

If community policing is to be effective in improving minority relations, it must be well-planned. For the plan to be effectual, it must:

Answer 9

1. Include residents so that the police fully understand the problems and residents expectations. Community policing requires the involvement of civilians.
2. Neighborhood goals should be identified as well as strategies to achieve those goals.
3. More importantly, officers involved in the programs must be committed to community policing in the neighborhood they are policing.
4. Finally, all officers should be given additional training on the divergent cultures in their communities and community policing practices and goals.

Question 10

The purpose of this is to give immigrant victims of certain crimes temporary legal status as well as temporary work eligibility in the United States.

Answer 10

U-visa

Question 11

These are where large numbers of police officers are assigned to an area to check the immigration status of anyone who appears to be an undocumented immigrant.

Answer 11

Roundups

Question 12

The primary concerns of the immigrant community with the police include:

Answer 12

1. Fear of deportation
2. Concern about local law enforcement’s role in immigration enforcement
3. Negative impact of news reports about ICE actions. The media sometimes distort and sensationalize the facts surrounding ICE actions.

Question 13

What percentage of homeless children report being the victim of sexual assault at home?

Answer 13

80%

Question 14

The police must take an active role in discovering, investigating, and prosecuting child abuse cases. The police can deploy three general strategies to accomplish this objective:

Answer 14

1st: police must become more active in attempting to identify abused & exploited children
2nd: It is important for the police to cooperate with social agencies who can help.
3rd: CPO can link families to public and private agencies who can help.

Question 15

Because child abuse is more common in homes where other forms of domestic violence occur, the police should always do this:

Answer 15

Check on the well-being of any children, even though they may not be part of the original complaint.

Question 16

The National Coalition of State Juvenile Justice Advisory report 4 casual factors as causes of violence among young people:

Answer 16

1. abuse and neglect
2. economic, social and educational conditions
3. gangs, and
4. accessibility to weapons

Question 17

Martin suggest :other causes” for violence among young people:

Answer 17

1. hopelessness and exposure to violence
2. weakening of the family unit
3. media celebration of violence
4. drug culture leading to a gun culture

Question 18

The causes of violence have direct implications for community policing. First, and perhaps most importantly, it seems that:

Answer 18

Violence begets violence

Question 19

CPO’s can work with neighborhood leaders to develop cohesiveness in the neighborhood when this occurs there is more placement whereby citizens are more likely to report problems to the police and take proactive actions themselves. There are a number of activities the police can facilitate. This can include:

Answer 19

1. neighborhood rallies
2. block watches
3. citizen patrols
4. increased police presence

Question 20

Felson attributes a great deal of the problem (school violence) to the fact that school systems for the past several decades have been:

Answer 20

Merging smaller high schools into larger cost-efficient high schools.

Question 21

The Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention has identified three components of an effective school-based gang control strategy:

Answer 21

1. the development of a school gang code…
2. …positive relationships and open communication…
3. a clear distinction between gang and non-gang-related activity so as not to exaggerate the scope of the problem.

Question 22

It is difficult to accurately define a gang. Miller offers the following definition: (8)

Answer 22

1. Self-forming association of peers
2. mutual interests
3. identifiable leadership
4. well-developed lines of authority
5. who act in concert
6. to achieve specific purpose
7. generally includes illegal activity
8. Has control over a particular territory, facility, or enterprise

Question 23

Sanders has perhaps developed the best criteria to be used by the police in identifying gang members:

Answer 23

1. admits being a gang member
2. has tattoos, clothing, or other paraphernalia which is associated with a particular gang
3. police records or observations…
4. has been arrested with gang members while committing a gang related crimes: and
5. a reliable informant confirms memberships in a gang

Question 24

Skolnick et al. point out that urban youth gangs are cultural or entrepreneurial in nature. These gangs are those which evolve in a particular neighborhood. They seem to originate as a result of social needs.

Answer 24

Cultural

Question 25

Gangs are organized into sets. A set represents a particular neighborhood. The sets are structured along lines of (1)________ and (2)_________.

Answer 25

1. seniority

2. function

Question 26

Gangs set have caste-like sub-divisions within each set, notably: (4)

Answer 26

1. original gang members (O.G.)
2. gangsters (hard core members: ages 16-22 yrs)
3. baby gangsters (between 9 and 12 yrs)
4. Tiny gangsters (younger than 9 yrs old)

Question 27

Gangs

While some age groups go to the late 20’s and 30’s, the most violent and active members are those between _________ and __________, many of them “wannabes” who want to prove themselves in order to be accepted by other gang members and who are precisely the ones most useful as soldiers in gang activities.

Answer 27

(between) 14 and 18 yrs old

Question 28

Chicago Study on Gangs

Most of the lethal gang violence occurred in areas where this, rather that drugs, was being disputed.

Answer 28

Turf and Gang Disrespect

Question 29

The Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention has identified a package of tactics that have the potential to reduce gang problems: (5)

Answer 29

1. targeting, arresting, and incarcerating leaders and repeat gang offenders
2. referring fringe members and their parents to youth services for counseling and guidance
3. providing preventative services for youth who are clearly at risk
4. crisis intervention or mediation of gang fights; and
5. patrols of community (gang) hot spots

Question 30

Snyder and Hombs attribute the growing numbers (of homeless) to several problems:

Answer 30

1. shortage of affordable housing
2. the careless and wholesale depopulation of the nation’s mental hospitals
3. the cumulative effects of cuts of a variety of federal programs
4. lack of skills
5. minimum wage has not kept pace with cost of living
6. the breakdown of the traditional family

Question 31

For the most part, crime (committed by the homeless) are minor and generally relate to the acquisition of: (4)

Answer 31

1. food
2. shelter
3. alcohol
4. drugs

Question 32

The Kansas City Police have devised a typology (of homeless people) consisting of four groups: (4)

Answer 32

1. socioeconomic
2. mentally ill
3. homeless lifestyle
4. immigrants

Question 33

Perhaps the most important component of a police response to the homeless is:

Answer 33

Deciding upon the department’s goals and policy regarding the problem

Question 34

Many police departments do not have specific written policies to guide police officers when dealing with the homeless. These departments depend on ordinance such as:(3) to deal with the homeless problem.

Answer 34

1. public intoxication
2. loitering
3. emergency mental health commitments
4. other public disorder ordinances

Question 35

Community policing dictates that the police combine this with the delivery of services as the best approach to the homeless problem.

Answer 35

Enforcement

Question 36

What is the first step beyond the police traditional responses to the homeless?

Answer 36

Where the department adopts policies for dealing with the homeless in Emergency Situations.

Question 37

Today many police departments have embraced this idea and have made substantial efforts to provide all people better service. This has become the “cornerstone” in community policing.

Answer 37

The idea of multiculturalism

Question 38

Why does race remain a volatile police issue::(6)

Answer 38

1. the alarming rate of victimization many minorities endure
2. the disproportionate number of minorities arrested and incarcerated
3. the debate about how to best promote minority hiring and promotion
4. the role of race as a common factor in police brutality
5. the concern that racially motivated incidents and attacks are on the rise: and
6. rise of militants groups, such as the skin heads who advocate violence against minorities

Question 39

Minorities have continued to voice a number of complaints against the police. Radelet and Carter summarize the complaints: (7)

Answer 39

1. substandard or poor protection
2. substandard or poor service to minorities, especially in inner city
3. the expectation that the police will not treat them fairly
4. numerous incidents of verbal abuse and harassment
5. stereotyping of minorities as criminals, particularly in stop & frisk incidents
6. police use of excessive force: and
7. discrimination in police personnel administration

Question 40

Most of the undocumented immigrants in the US are from this country:

Answer 40

Mexico

the second most country is El Salvadore

Question 41

Undocumented immigrants pose a difficult challenge for police, because fear of deportation often makes them reluctant to report crimes against them - which makes them easy prey. They also fall victim to crime related to their vulnerability - scams include: (4)

Answer 41

1. extortion
2. fees for phony documentation
3. supposed bribes to judges
4. other creative cons

Question 42

Without legal status, many undocumented aliens take these jobs and employers often exploit their status by underpaying them or refusing to pay them at all.

Answer 42

jobs in the Grey economy

Question 43

Many summer and winter resort communities experience problems with tourists who exhibit drunkenness, vandalism or skipping out on bills. This is referred to as:

Answer 43

The Conventioneer Syndrome