6.6 ecosystems Flashcards

(48 cards)

1
Q

define ecosystem

A

a community of animals, plants and bacteria interrelated with the physical and chemical environment

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2
Q

define habitat

A

a place where an organism lives

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3
Q

define population

A

all of the organisms of one species who live in the same lace at the same time and can breed together

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4
Q

community

A

al the populations of different species who live in the same place at the same time and can interact with each other

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5
Q

define biotic factors

A

environmental factors associated with living organisms in an ecosystem that affect each other

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6
Q

give 6 examples of biotic factors

A

producers
consumers
decomposers
predation
disease
competition

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7
Q

define abiotic factors

A

non-living components of an ecosystem that affect other living organisms

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8
Q

give 6 examples of abiotic factors

A

light intensity
soil pH
water availability
humidity
temperature
concentration of pollutants

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9
Q

why are ecosystems referred to as dynamic

A

because ecosystems are changing

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10
Q

what are the three types of changes in an ecosystem that affect population size

A

cyclic changes
directional changes
unpredictable changes

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11
Q

define cyclic changes

A

changes that repeat themselves in a rhythm

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12
Q

give an example of a cyclic change

A

tides
predator and prey relationship

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13
Q

define directional changes

A

changes that aren’t cyclic and go in one direction. They tend to last longer than the lifetime of organisms with the ecosystem

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14
Q

give an example of a directional change

A

erosional processes
depositional processes
glaciation

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15
Q

define erratic changes

A

theses changes have no rhythm or constant direction

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16
Q

give examples of erratic changes

A

hurricane
earthquake
tsunami

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17
Q

define biomass transfer

A

transfer of biomass from one trophic level to another

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18
Q

define trophic level

A

the level at which an organism feeds in a food chain

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19
Q

how is biomass lost in a food chain

A

dead organisms
not all of the animal being eaten
respiration
senses
reproduction
heat energy

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20
Q

what is the trend in biomass as you go up a food chain

A

biomass is less at higher levels

21
Q

what is biomass

A

dry mass of the organism

22
Q

How is biomass obtained by scientists

A

drying the organism by putting it in an oven to evaporate all of the water

23
Q

how do you calculate the ecological efficiency of the transfer of biomass

A

(biomass at higher trophic level/biomass at lower trophic level)*100

24
Q

define productivity

A

the rate of production of new biomass by producers

25
define gross primary productivity
the rate at which plants convert light energy into chemical energy through photosynthesis
26
define net primary productivity
the rate at which energy is stored as biomass by the producer that is available for the next consumer
27
what is the difference between primary and secondary productivity
primary - plant secondary - animal
28
how can we make energy conversion more efficient when farming plants
greenhouses fertiliser light banks pesticides crop-rotation
29
How cans humans manipulate energy transfer when farming animals
battery farming antibiotics killing them young selective breeding
30
how do saprotrophs eat?
they secrete enzymes on dead or waste material which digest the material into smaller pieces which are then absorbed into the saprotroph's body
31
why are bacteria and fungi vital for recycling within ecosystems
if bacteria and fungi did not break down dead organisms, energy and valuable nutrients would remain trapped within the dead organism
32
why do living things need nitrogen?
to make proteins and nucleic acids
33
what kind of nitrogen do plants require
fixed nitrogen (NH4+,NO-)
34
how is fixed nitrogen produced
lightning and the Haber process only makes up about 10% of fixed nitrogen the rest is by bacteria
35
how much of the atmosphere is made of nitrogen
79%
36
what bacteria fix nitrogen
Azotobacter Rhizobium
37
Describe the role of Azotobacter
bacteria that lives freely within the soil and fix nitrogen gas, which is in the air within the soil, using it to manufacture amino acids
38
what is the role of Rhizobium
lives inside the root nodules of leguminous plants and is nitrogen fixing It has a mutualistic relationship with the plant by supplying it with fixed nitrogen and receiving carbon compounds such as glucose
39
what is the role of leghaemoglobin
absorbs oxygen to keep conditions anaerobic for nitrogen reductase
40
What is ammonification
organic nitrogen in soil and urea ---> NH4+ by bacteria involved in putrification
41
what is nitrification
chemoautotrophic bacteria in soil oxidise ammonium ions to nitrite ions and the into nitrate ions
42
What is the role of nitrosomanas
oxidising ammonium ions to nitrite ions(nitrification)
43
What is the role of Nitrobacter
Oxidise nitrite ions to nitrate ions (nitrification)
44
Whet is denitrification and its conditions
occurs in anaerobic conditions such as waterlogged soils and use nitrates as a source of oxygen to produce nitrogen gas and nitrous oxide
45
define climax community
the final stable community that exists after the process of succession has occurred
46
define deflected community
happens when succession is stopped or interfered with such as by grazing or lawn mowing
47
define pioneer species
the species that begins the process of succession
48
define succession
progressive changes in a community of organisms over town