module 12

Question 1

between subjects design

Answer 1

an experiment in which different subjects are assigned to each group

Question 2

posttest only control group design

Answer 2

an experimental design in which the dependent variable is measured after the manipulation of the iv

start with a control and experimental group made up of equivalent participants, administer treatment, take a posttest measure

Question 3

pretest/posttest control group design

Answer 3

dependent variable is measured both before and after manipulation of the iv

Question 4

solomon four group design

Answer 4

group 1: pretest, treatment, posttest
group2: pretest, posttest
group 3: treatment, posttest
group 4: posttest

Question 5

confound

Answer 5

if a researcher fails to control for something then the study is open to confounds (uncontrolled variables)

if a study is confounded then it is impossible to say whether changes in the dv are caused by iv or uncontrolled variable

Question 6

nonequivalent control group

Answer 6

random sampling addresses issues

Question 7

history

Answer 7

changes in the dv may be due to historical events that occur outside the study

Question 8

maturation effect

Answer 8

subjects naturally occurring changes could be responsible for observed results
solution: an equivalent control group

Question 9

testing effect

Answer 9

changes in dv may be due to subjects being tested repeatedly and getting better/worse
solution: equivalent control group

Question 10

regression to the mean

Answer 10

subjects who are selected because they are extreme on some variable may regress toward mean
solution: equivalent control w/ extremes

Question 11

instrumentation effect

Answer 11

changes may be due to changes in measuring device

solution: equivalent control group

Question 12

mortality

Answer 12

differential attrition may lead to inequality in groups

solution: monitor for differential loss

Question 13

diffusion of treatment

Answer 13

changes maybe to information they received from other participants
solution: testing subjects as close together as possible

Question 14

experimented and subject effect

Answer 14

experimenters or subjects consciously or unconsciously affect results
solution: double blind or single blind

Question 15

floor and ceiling effects

Answer 15

measuring instrument used it not sensitive enough to detect differences
solution: ensure that instrument is reliable

Question 16

threats to external validity

Answer 16

generalization to populations

generalization from lab settings

Question 17

placebo effect

Answer 17

a beneficial effect, produced by a placebo drug or treatment, that cannot be attributed to the properties of the placebo itself, and must therefore be due to the patient’s belief in that treatment.

Question 18

hawthorne effect

Answer 18

the alteration of behavior by the subjects of a study due to their awareness of being observed.