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GI > Review of GI Anatomy II > Flashcards

Review of GI Anatomy II Flashcards

1
Q

Gastric glands and are lined by different cells whose secretions reach the surface via continuity with the tubular upper ends called

A

Gastric Pits

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2
Q

The stomach has which 4 parts?

A

Cardia, fundus, body,and pylorus

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3
Q

Located within the gastric wall as a thickening of the circular smooth muscle layer and it controls discharge of stomach chyme through the pyloric orifice into the duodenum

A

Pyloric Sphincter

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4
Q

Regular emptying occurs when gastric peristalsis and pressure overcomes the resistance of the

A

Pyloric Sphincter

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5
Q

Lesions of the stomach mucosa

A

Gastric Ulcers

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6
Q

Lesions of the duodenal mucosa

A

Peptic ulcers

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7
Q

May increase gastric acid secretion, which overwhelms the buffering bicarbonate in the duodenum

A

Chronic Anxiety

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8
Q

Most gastric and duodenal ulcers are associated with infection from

A

Heliobacter pylori

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9
Q

Leads to inflammation and erosion of the mucosa that is further degraded by acid and digestive enzymes

A

Helicobacter pylori infection

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10
Q

Ulceration into surrounding arteries and/or pancreas, can cause life-threatening hemorrhage and/or pancreatic enzyme leakage into the

A

Peritoneal cavity (Severely painful)

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11
Q

Selective surgical section of vagus nerves to specific regions (vagotomy) may reduce

A

Parietal cell acid secretion

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12
Q

Absorption of nutrients from ingested and digested foods mainly occurs in the

A

Small intestine

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13
Q

Digestive enzymes (from intestinal mucosa and pancreas) and fat-emulsifying bile (from liver hepatocytes) enable

A

Protein, carbohydrate, and lipid absorption in the small intestine

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14
Q

Nutrients that enter intestinal capillaries travel through venous blood to the hepatic portal vein to enter

A

Liver sinusoidal capillaries

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15
Q

Special lymph vessels in the small intestine mucosa absorb fat and course through mesentery

A

Lacteals

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16
Q

The first segment of the small intestine. It begins just distal to the stomach’s pyloric sphincter and its four parts take a C-shaped course that encircle the head of the pancreas

A

Duodenum

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17
Q

Most of the duodenum (except for the ampulla of the first part) is

A

Retroperitoneal

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18
Q

Pancreatic enzymes and bile empty into the posteromedial wall of the

A

Second/descending part of the Duodenum

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19
Q

Occur in posterior wall of first part of duodenum and may result in severe hemorrhage from the gastroduodenal artery and peritonitis

A

Peptic ulcers

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20
Q

The second segment of the small intestine

A

Jejunum

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21
Q

Does this describe illeum or jejunum?

Slightly wider diameter (2-4cm), thicker walls with many mucosa-submucosa folds called plicae circulares, a deeper red color due to increased vascularity, a mesentery with less fat and few largelooped arcades with long vasa recta, and few lymphoid nodules

A

Jejunum

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22
Q

A congenital defect that results from persistence of the proximal part of the vitelline duct extending from the midgut. It is usually 30-60cm from ileocecal junction with 74% free and 26% attached to umbilicus

A

Meckel’s (ileal) diverticulum

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23
Q

Absorbs water from the indigestible components of chyme to create feces

A

Large Intestine

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24
Q

The cecum and colon portions of the large intestine can be distinguished from the small intestine by the larger caliber and the presence of

A

Tenia coli, haustra, and omental/epiploic appendices

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25
Q

The large intestine is made up sequentially of the

A

Cecum, appendix, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anal canal

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26
Q

Colonoscopy uses a flexible fiberoptic endoscope to inspect and biopsy the mucosa of the large intestine for tumors, which typically occur in the

A

Sigmoid colon and rectum

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27
Q

Diverticulosis is an evagination/outpocketing of colon mucosa and diverticula can rupture and become inflamed, resulting in

A

Diverticulitis

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28
Q

Diverticulitis most commonly occurs in the

A

Sigmoid colon

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29
Q

High fiber diets may reduce the occurrence of

A

Diverticulitis

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30
Q

Disease where faulty neural crest migration leads to aganglionosis and smooth muscle immobility of the affected region

A

Hirschsprung’s disease

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31
Q

A diverticulum from the posteromedial aspect of the cecum

A

Veriform appendix

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32
Q

Acute inflammation of the apendix associated w/ severe abdominal pain, especially w/ pressure over McBurney’s point

A

Appendicitis

33
Q

Located 1/3 of the way between the right ASIS and umbilicus

A

McBurney’s point

34
Q

Initial luminal obstruction of the appendix results in swelling with dull, poorly localized midline visceral pain in the

A

Umbilical region (T10 dermatome)

35
Q

This progresses into severe somatic pain in the

A

RLQ (from contact irritation)

36
Q

Rupture of the appendix results in painful

A

Peritonitis

37
Q

Beyond the sigmoid colon, omental appendices disappear as the rectum becomes

A

Extraperitoneal

38
Q

Beyond the rectum there are no omental appendices because there is continuous

A

Longitudinal muscle

39
Q

Lies superior to pelvic diaphragm (levator ani) and it holds accumulating fecal mass until expelled during defecation

A

Ampulla of the rectum

40
Q

During prenatal development, the endoderm-lined hindgut and ectoderm lined proctodeum meet at the anal membrane (dorsal/posterior portion of the cloacal membrane), which is located at the future

A

Pectinate line

41
Q

Contains internal anal sphincter (smooth muscle) and external anal sphincter (skeletal muscle continuation of levator ani of pelvic diaphragm)

A

Anal canal

42
Q

The upper anal canal is derived from the

-Associated with IMA and IMV of portal circulation

A

Hindgut

43
Q

Innervation of the upper anal canal occurs through

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic supply

44
Q

Enlargements of submucosal veins of the internal rectal plexus in anal columns above the pectinate line

-not painful

A

Internal hemorrhoids

45
Q

Commonly occur in the absence of portal hypertension and can result from breakdown muscularis mucosa

A

Internal hemorrhoids

46
Q

The distal anal canal is below the pectinate and derived from the

A

Proctodeum

47
Q

The lower/distal half is supplied by the

A

Internal iliac artery

-drained by caval system

48
Q

Innervation of the distal anal canal occurs by somatic motor and sensory nerves that branch from the

A

Pudendal nerve

49
Q

Covered by skin and are associated with chronic constipation, prolonged straining, impeded venous return

A

External hemorrhoids

50
Q

Extramural digestive glands include

A

Salivary glands, pancreas, and liver

51
Q

The major SALIVARY GLANDS are the

A

Parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands

52
Q

Keeps the mucosa moist, lubricates food in mastication, begins starch digestion, aids in taste, prevents tooth decay

A

Saliva

53
Q

Parasympathetic innervation of these glands occurs through

A
  1. ) CNVII (submandibular and sublingual)

2. ) CNIX (parotid)

54
Q

The parotid and minor salivary glands (scattered over the palate, lips, cheeks, tonsils, tongue) empty into the oral cavity and originate as outgrowths from

A

Ectoderm

55
Q

The submandibular and sublingual salivary glands also empty into the mouth but form from

A

Gut tube endoderm

56
Q

Can cause painful swelling of parotid gland within the inelastic parotid sheath

A

Mumps virus

57
Q

The most frequent site of benign salivary gland tumors

A

Parotid gland

58
Q

Parotid tumors are difficult to remove because which nerve pass through the gland?

A

Facial nerve branches

59
Q

The head, uncinate process, neck, body of the PANCREAS lie

A

Retroperitoneal

60
Q

The tail of the pancreas is

A

Intraperitoneal

61
Q

The pancreas is located at which vertebral level?

A

L1-L2

62
Q

Produces pancreatic juice with enzymes that course through a duct system leading to an accessory and main pancreatic duct emptying into the second/descending part of the duodenum at the ampulla of Vater after joining the common bile duct

A

Exocrine Pancreas

63
Q

Endocrine cells that secrete hormones (glucagon and insulin) into blood to regulate glucose metabolism

A

Islets of Langerhans

64
Q

Can compress the bile duct and cause obstructive jaundice

A

Pancreatic cancer in the head

65
Q

Most pancreatic cancers are

A

Ductal adenomas

66
Q

Can tear ducts and allow pancreatic juice to invade adjacent tissues with somatic painful digestion of pancreatic and other tissues by pancreatic juice

A

Rupture of pancreas from traumatic injury

67
Q

In the embryo, hepatocytes originate from the liver bud projection of endoderm from the

A

Foregut

68
Q

As the liver bud grows, it also gives rise to the

A

Gall bladder and biliary duct system

69
Q

Important for the absorption of fats by the small intestine

A

Bile

70
Q

The exocrine secretion by liver hepatocytes is

A

Bile

71
Q

Blood is supplied to the liver by which two vessels?

A
  1. ) Portal vein (75-80%)

2. ) Proper hepatic artery

72
Q

A branch of the celiac trunk that supplies 20-25% of oxygenated blood to the liver

A

Proper hepatic artery

73
Q

Blood from branches of the portal vein and proper hepatic artery mixes in

A

Liver sinusoids

74
Q

Occurs as a result of hepatocyte damage and scarring typically due to chronic exposure to toxic substances (such as chronic alcohol consumption)

A

Liver cirrhosis

75
Q

Cirrhotic livers may appear firm and bumpy with evidence of portal hypertension, such as

A

Caput medusae and esophageal varices

76
Q

Primary hepatocellular carcinoma or metastatic carcinoma (cancers spreading from organs drained by the portal system) may also be seen in the

A

Liver

77
Q

Bile exits the liver to the common hepatic duct where it can travel through the cystic duct to be concentrated and stored (up to 50mL) in the pear-shaped

A

Gall Bladder

78
Q

During fatty meals, the gall bladder releases the concentrated bile through the cystic duct to the (common) bile duct and into the

A

Duodenum

79
Q

Concretions in the gall bladder, cystic duct, or bile duct chiefly made up of cholesterol crystals

A

Gall stones (cholelithiasis)

GI (59 decks)

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