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GI > Oxidative Phosphorylation I > Flashcards

Oxidative Phosphorylation I Flashcards

1
Q

ATP can be made during glycolysis, in an anaerobic process, but the most important source of ATP synthesis is

-An aerobic process

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

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2
Q

Involves a series of oxidation/reduction reactions, beginning with the NADH and FADH2 produced in the citric acid (TCA) cycle and ending with the reduction of oxygen to water

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

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3
Q

The oxygen required for this process is transported to every tissue in the body by

A

Hemoglobin

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4
Q

The process of oxidative phosphorylation takes place in the

A

Mitochondria

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5
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation is unique in that it has a key step which forms a

A

Proton gradient across the membrane

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6
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation is also unique in using proteins made from which two genomes?

A
  1. ) Our nuclear genome

2. ) Small mitochondrial genome

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7
Q

Cyanide results in death because it inhibits

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

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8
Q

Accumulated defects in the process, through free radical damage or other causes, may be involved in aging and many common neurodegenerative diseases, such as

A

Alzheimers and Parkinson’s

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9
Q

The use and transfer of energy in biological systems, and it must follow the same thermodynamic principles that hold for all reactions

A

Bioenergetics

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10
Q

Some reactions give off energy, such as

A

Catabolic reactions

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11
Q

Some reactions consume energy, such as

A

Anabolic reactions

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12
Q

The free energy value when all of the reactants and products are present at 1M concentration, neutral pH, standard conditions

A

Standard Free Energy (Delta-Go)

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13
Q

Reaction goes spontaneously as written and will give off energy if

A

Delta G is negative

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14
Q

Reaction will not go spontaneously as written and energy must be added to the system if

A

Delta G is positive

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15
Q

The reaction is at equilibrium if

A

Delta G is zero

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16
Q

The delta-G values of subsequent reactions are

-reactions can be couple for spontaniety

A

Additive

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17
Q

Made using energy from catabolic reactions and is then used ot drive anabolic reactions

A

ATP

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18
Q

A relatively simple molecule: it has an adenine (nitrogenous base), attached to a ribose (5 carbon sugar), which is bound to a chain of three phosphate groups

A

ATP

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19
Q

How many high-energy phosphate bonds does ATP have?

A

2

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20
Q

Removal of the terminal phosphate gives ADP and gives off

A

delta-D = -7.3 kcal/mol

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21
Q

The high charge of the three phosphates in ATP produces electrostatic repulsion which is relieved when it is hydrolyzed to form

A

ADP

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22
Q

The existence of four possible resonance forms for the inorganic phosphate Pi products leads to

A

Resonance stabilization

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23
Q

ATP works by direct transfer of a phosphate group to

A

Another molecule

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24
Q

Acts as an essential link between energy producing and energy consuming processes

A

ATP

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25
Q

The energy from oxidation of compounds is conserved in

A

ATP

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26
Q

What is the average consumption of ATP per 24 hours in the average human?

A

40 kg

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27
Q

During strenuous exercise, the rate of ATP utilization can be as high as

A

0.5 kg/min

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28
Q

A typical lipid bilayer, which is permeable to small molecules, but not permeable to proteins and other large molecules

A

Outer mitochondrial membrane

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29
Q

The narrow space between the outer and inner membranes

A

Intermembrane space

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30
Q

Located in the intermembrane space

A

Apoptotic molecules

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31
Q

Has many infoldings known as cristae, which increases its surface area

A

Inner mitochondrial membrane

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32
Q

This inner membrane is a most unusual membrane, in having extremely high protein content and in being impermeable to

A

Small and large molecules

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33
Q

Even K+ ions, Ca++ ions, ATP, ADP, protons and OH- groups cannot diffuse through the

A

Inner mitochondrial membrane

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34
Q

This membrane is the site of the electron transport chain and the process of oxidative phosphorylation

A

Inner mitochondrial membrane

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35
Q

The ATP synthase molecules which directly synthesis the ATP from ADP and phosphate are embedded in

A

Inner mitochondrial membrane

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36
Q

The mitochondrial matrix is the site of the

A

TCA cycle and FA oxidation

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37
Q

There are also small circular mitochondrial DNA molecules (mtDNA) in the

A

Matrix

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38
Q

These mtDNA molecules code for 13 polypeptide chains, all of which involves in

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

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39
Q

This mtDNA also codes for

A

tRNA and rRNA molecules

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40
Q

The mitochondrial genome codes for just

A

13 proteins

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41
Q

In the inner mitochondrial membrane, the electron transport chain undergoes a series of successive

A

Oxidation and reduction reactions

42
Q

These redox reactions generate energy used to form a proton gradient across the

A

Inner mitochondrial membrane

43
Q

This proton gradient is dissipated through the ATP synthase and leads to the formation of

A

ATP

44
Q

There are 5 large protein complexes in the inner mitochondrial membrane, called complexes

A

I-V

45
Q

Complexes I, II. III. and IV are all part of the

A

Electron transport chain

46
Q

These 4 complexes work together with

  1. ) The lipid soluble?
  2. ) The water soluble?
A
  1. ) Coenzyme Q

2. ) Cytochrome C

47
Q

The electron transport chain is also known as the respiratory chain, because of its need for oxygen as the terminal acceptor of

A

Electrons

48
Q

The ATP synthase (also known as ATPase) which uses the energy of the proton gradient to catalyze the formation of ATP

A

Complex V

49
Q

What is an oxidation-reduction reaction?

A

OIL-RIG

50
Q

The loss or gain of an electron may be accompanied by a

A

Proton

51
Q

What are three forms of reduction?

A
  1. ) Reduction by gain of electron
  2. ) Reduction by gain of hydrogen atom
  3. ) Reduction by gain of hydride ion
52
Q

The standard oxidation reduction potential Eo’ (Volts) is measure of the affinity for a compound to

A

Accept or Donate electrons

53
Q

The more POSITIVE the standard potential, the higher the affinity for

A

Electrons (Reduction)

54
Q

Tend to lose electrons and reduce other compounds (as they get oxidized)

A

Strong reducing agents

55
Q

Such strong reducing agents have a

A

Low or negative Eo

56
Q

Want to accept electrons and oxidize other compounds (as they get reduced); they have a high positive Eo

A

Strong oxidizing agents

57
Q

What are two examples of strong reducing agents?

A

NADH and FADH2

58
Q

What is an example of a strong oxidizing agent?

A

O2

59
Q

Oxidation-reduction reactions give off energy, and the amount of energy released depends on the standard oxidation potentials of the

A

Oxidizing and reducing pairs

60
Q

It is known that the transfer of 2 electrons from NADH through all the components of the electron transport chain leads to the formation of

A

3 ATP molecules

61
Q

The standard free energy change for the formation of ATP from ADP and Pi is DGo =

A

7.3 kcal/mol

62
Q

Electrons are transferred from the products of the TCA cycle, NADH and succinate, to O2 through

A

Complexes I - IV, Coenzyme Q,a nd cytochrome C

63
Q

Complex I is an

A

NADH-CoQ oxidoreductase

64
Q

Accepts electrons directly from NADH in the mitochondrial matrix

A

Complex I

65
Q

Cannot accept electrons from NADH when it is on the intermembrane space side of the inner mitochondrial membrane

A

Complex I

66
Q

NADH gets oxidized to NAD+ and is available for anotherround of the TCA cycle, while complex I gets

A

Reduced

67
Q

The largest complex in the electron transport chain. It consists of at least 46 polypeptide chains, plus a tightly bound flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and many iron sulfur centers

A

Complex I

68
Q

Complex II is

A

Succinate Dehydrogenase

69
Q

Succinate dehydrogenase is reduced by

-from the TCA cycle

A

FADH2

70
Q

Embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane, and is reduced by FADH2

A

Succinate dehydrogenase

71
Q

Succinate dehydrogenase then reduces

-makes a branch at the CoQ point in the chain

A

CoQ

72
Q

The electrons from FADH2 that to CoQ can also come from glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase as a part of the

A

G-3-P and fatty acyl CoA dehydrogenase

73
Q

The acyl CoA dehydrogenase resides in the

A

Matrix

74
Q

Accepts 2 electrons from a reduced iron sulfur group of complex I (together with 2 protons) leading to the reduced form

A

Coenzyme Q (CoQ, ubiquinone)

75
Q

A small lipid soluble molecule in the membrane; it is the only component that is not a protein, and it can freely diffuse in the inner mitochondrial membrane

A

CoQ

76
Q

The reduced form of CoQ, CoQH2 transfers its electrons to

-In complex III

A

Cytochrome B

77
Q

Complex III is reduced by CoQH2 and then passes its electrons to

A

Cytochrome C

78
Q

Complex III consists of 11 subunits, including

A
  1. ) Cytochrome B
  2. ) Cytochrome C
  3. ) Fe-S center
79
Q

Electrons are transferred from CoQ to cyt b to cyt c1, and eventually to the next component

A

Cytochrome C

80
Q

Cyt c gets reduced by complex III and it reduces

A

Complex IV

81
Q

A single polypeptide chain with a single heme group

A

Cytochrome C

82
Q

The only water soluble component of the electron transport chain. It is present in the intermembrane space of the mitochondrial and has a high positive charge on its surface

A

Cytochrome C

83
Q

Binds to complex III electrostatically, from the intermembrane space side of the inner mitochondrial membrane and becomes reduced

A

Cytochrome C

84
Q

Cyt c is also a trigger for

A

Apoptosis

85
Q

The final component of the ETC

A

Complex IV (cytochrome oxidase)

86
Q

Complex IV accepts electrons from Cyt c, and then coordinates the transfer of 4 electrons to

A

Oxygen (reducing it to water)

87
Q

Consists of 11 polypeptide chains, including cyt a (which contains heme a) and cyt a3 (which contains heme a3), and two copper ions

A

Complex IV

88
Q

The heme group of cyt a3 in its reduced state binds

A

O2

89
Q

The other cytochromes all have 6 ligands bound to the iron in the heme group and cannot react with

A

Oxygen

90
Q

The transfer of 2 electrons from NADH through all the components of the electron transport chain to O2 generates a larger amount of energy (~53kcal/mol) and leads to the formation of

A

3 ATP molecules

91
Q

The oxidation of 1 NADH leads to 3 ATP, while oxidation of succinate leads to

A

2 ATP

92
Q

Oxidation reduction reactions in the electron transport chain lead to pumping of protons from the matrix to the

A

Outer side of the inner membrane

93
Q

There are more protons on the outer side and fewer protons on the matrix side of the inner mitochondrial membrane. This gradient of protons (H+) generates both a

A

pH gradient and an electrical gradient

94
Q

Thus the proton gradient generates an electrochemical or chemiosmotic gradient, which provides energy or a force, sometimes called the

A

Proton motive force

95
Q

It is this proton-motive force or chemiosmotic gradient which provides the energy to synthesize

A

ATP

96
Q

As the components of the electron transport chain are reduced and oxidized, there are 3 sites in electron transport at which a large amount of energy is given off. What are they?

A
  1. ) NADH-CoQ reductase (I)
  2. ) Cytochrome C reductase (III)
  3. ) Cytochrome C oxidase (IV)
97
Q

The actual synthesis of ATP takes place in a complex known as

A

ATP Synthase

98
Q

Which portion of the ATP synthase is an integral part of the inner mitochondrial membrane?

A

Fo

99
Q

Consists of a stalk and globular portion that extend from the inner mitochondrial membrane into the matrix

A

F1 portion of ATP synthase

100
Q

The proton gradient that is generated across the inner mitochondrial membrane by the electron transport chain is used to rotate subunits of

A

Fo

GI (59 decks)

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