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GI > Trace Minerals I > Flashcards

Trace Minerals I Flashcards

1
Q

Essential inorganic elements that are required in maintaining the normal functions in our body

A

Minerals

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2
Q

Important in bone health, growth and development, blood formation, and clotting and nerve impulses

A

Minerals

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3
Q

The essential minerals can be further divided into which 2 categories?

A

Major and trace minerals

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4
Q

Major minerals are required in amounts of more than

A

100 mg per day

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5
Q

Required in amounts of less than 100 mg per day

A

Trace minerals

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6
Q

Are typically the richest source of minerals and have the best bioavailability

A

Seafood

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7
Q

Nutritional status and the amount of mineral stored in the body will influence how much is

A

Absorbed

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8
Q

Often times compete with eachother for absorption in the GI tract

A

Minerals

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9
Q

Compete for the same protein carriers during absorption

A

Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe2+, Cu2+, and Zn2+

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10
Q

The bioavailability of minerals can also be reduced if the minerals are attached to binders such as

A

Oxalates or Phyates

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11
Q

An example of this is the oxylate that binds calcium in

A

Spinach

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12
Q

Is technically high in calcium but is a poor calcium source because of its high oxylate content

A

Spinach

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13
Q

Also bind and inhibit the bodies absorption of minerals

A

Phyates in plants and polyphenols in tea and coffee

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14
Q

Enhances the absoprtion of iron from plant foods

A

Vitamin C

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15
Q

Animal protein from meat, fish, and poultry enhances

A

Zn absorption

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16
Q

What are the 6 major trace elements we need to know?

A

Iron, zinc, copper, selenium, fluoride, iodine

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17
Q

Found in the highest amount in meat, fish, poultry, eggs dried peas, and beans

A

Iron

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18
Q

Whe menses and monthly blood loss have ceased, the RDA of iron for men and women is

A

Identical

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19
Q

The oxidized form of iron is

A

Ferric Iron (Fe3+)

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20
Q

The average adult body contains about

A

3-4g of iron

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21
Q

Free iron is very

A

Toxic

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22
Q

Iron is transported in circulation bound to

A

Transferrin

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23
Q

Approximately 70% of iron is in red blood cells as part of the

A

Heme in hemoglobin

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24
Q

What percentage of iron is bound to myoglobin in the heart and skeletal muscle?

A

5%

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25
Q

The rest of the iron is stored in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow as

A

Ferritin

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26
Q

When iron concentrations become abnormally high, liver converts ferritin into another storage protein called

-protects body from damage due to excess iron

A

Hemosiderin

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27
Q

Most commonly found in macrophages and is especially abundant in situations following hemorrhage, suggesting that it is related to phagocytosis of red blood cells and hemoglobin

A

Hemosiderin

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28
Q

What are the two forms of dietary iron found in food?

A

Heme and non-heme iron

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29
Q

Absorbed slowly and not affected by dietary consumption

A

Heme iron

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30
Q

The larger portion of iron consumption is from

A

Non-heme iron

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31
Q

Sources of non-heme iron include both

A

PLant and animal sources

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32
Q

Absorbed at a much slower rate

A

Non-heme iron

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33
Q

Only foods derived from animal flesh provide

-better absorbed

A

Heme iron

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34
Q

What are the two general types of factors affecting iron absorption?

A

Enhancing and inhibiting factors

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35
Q

Increased demands in periods of growth such as pregnancy and weight training results in

A

Increased iron absorption

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36
Q

Non-heme iron absorption is accelerated with the presence of animal proteins. Specifically by a protein called

A

Meat protein factor

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37
Q

Although there is no iron absorption in the stomach, increasing the acidity converts iron from

A

Fe3+ to Fe2+

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38
Q

Fe2+ is the form of iron that is

A

Absorbed by duodenum

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39
Q

The body suppresses the supply of iron during

A

Infection

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40
Q

The presence of antacids and PPis has what effect on iron absorption?

A

Inhibitory

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41
Q

Very little ferritin is made, which allows larger amounts of iron bound to transferrin to get into circulation when

A

Iron levels are low

42
Q

If intestinal cells are sloughed off before iron is absorbed, then the iron is

A

Excreted in feces

43
Q

Iron is absorbed in the

A

Duodenum

44
Q

Heme iron is transported across the brush border and enters the same pool as

A

Non-heme iron

45
Q

For transport across the brush border, iron must be in the

A

Fe2+ form

46
Q

Helps to transport iron out of enterocytes

A

Ferroportin

47
Q

A ferroxidase bound on the basolateral side of enterocytes

A

Hephaestin

48
Q

Oxidises Fe2+ to Fe3+ so that iron can be incorporated into transferrin

A

Ferroxidase

49
Q

Another protein with ferroxidase activity is

-mainly found as a soluble protein originating from the liver

A

Ceruloplasmin

50
Q

Carrie smore than 95% of the total copper in healthy human plasma

A

Ceruloplasm

51
Q

The most common nutrient deficiency world wide

A

Iron deficiency

52
Q

People with celiac disease are at risk for

A

Iron deficiency

53
Q

Has symptoms of fatigue, faintness, cold or abnormal sensations in extremities, SOB, immunosuppression, and low IQ

A

Iron deficiency

54
Q

Heme iron has a role as a prosthetic group in several enzymes needed to destroy microorganisms. Thus iron deficiency results in

A

Immunosuppression

55
Q

The craving and consumption of unusual nonfood substances such as dirt, clay, or ice seen with iron deficiency

A

Pica

56
Q

Iron deficiency develops in stages. First iron stores diminish, then transport iron decreases, and finally

A

Hemoglobin production fails

57
Q

The most commonly used tests to check for iron deficiency

A

Hemoglobin and hematocrit

58
Q

Excess blood transferrin would indicate

A

Low iron levels

59
Q

Low serum iron and ferritin levels with an elevated TIBC are diagnostic of

A

Iron deficiency

60
Q

A measure of total amount of iron that transferrin can carry

A

Total Iron-binding capacity (TIBC)

61
Q

In iron deficiecy anemia, hemoglobin synthesis decreases, resulting in red blood cells that are

A

Pale (hyochromic) and small (microcytic)

62
Q

We can remember the association of iron deficiency anemia as a

A

Hypochromic, microcytic anemia

63
Q

Angular somatitis and glossitis with painful swelling of the tongue is a presentation of

A

Iron deficiency

64
Q

Long-standing, severe iron deficiency affects the cells that generate the finger nails, producing

A

Koilonychia (spoon shaped nails)

65
Q

A genetic disease in which iron is absorbed at a high rate despite elevated liver stores

A

Hemochromatosis

66
Q

May cause bronzed pigmentation to the skin and damaged liver and pancreatic tissue, possibly causing DM

A

Prolonged hemochromatosis

67
Q

Diabetes mellitus caused by hemochromatosis is referred to as

A

Bronze diabetes

68
Q

Excess iron in the eldery poses a risk for

A

Heart disease and Cancer

69
Q

Seafood, especially oysters, steak, crab, and milk are good dietary sources of

A

Zinc

70
Q

When zinc enters the mucosal cells, it binds the protein

A

Metallothionein

71
Q

Large doses of zinc can override a

A

Mucosal block

72
Q

Both dietary zince and zinc-rich pancreatic secretions via enteropancreatic circulation are available for

A

Absorption

73
Q

Numerous proteins participate in zinc transport. But the major protein is

A

Albumin

74
Q

Some Zn also binds

A

Transferrin

75
Q

Essential for heme, DNA and RNA synthesis, reproduction, growth and development, and senses of taste and smell

A

Zinc

76
Q

Stabilizes cell membrane proteins and receptor proteins for vitamin A, D, and thyroid hormone

A

Zinc

77
Q

Zinc is essential for gene transcription as part of

A

Zinc Finger proteins

78
Q

Vegetarians, alcoholics, lactating women, and heavy smokers are all at risk for

A

Zinc deficiency

79
Q

Those with malabsorption and chronic diarrhea may benefit from

A

Zinc supplementation

80
Q

Inhibits zinc absorption and promotes excretion

A

Alcohol

81
Q

Severe zinc deficiency may also result from a rare genetic condition called

A

Acrodermatitis enteropathica

82
Q

Acrodermatitis enteropathica develops after weaning and results in impaired

A

Intestinal zinc absorption

83
Q

Can be manifested as symptoms of poor appetite, changes in smell and taste, and poor wound healing

A

Zinc deficiency

84
Q

Males with growth retardation, hypogonadism, delayed onset of puberty, and failure of secondary sex characteristics to develop may have

A

Zinc deficiency

85
Q

Yeast fermentation in the preparation of breads reduces the effect of

A

Phyates

86
Q

An autosomal recessive metabolic disorder characterized by periorificial and acral dermatitis and alopecia

A

Acrodermatitis enteropathica

87
Q

Zinc toxicity is rare. But the symptoms include

A

Diarrhea, nausea, and vomitting

88
Q

Zinc toxicity can impair immune function and reduce

A

Copper absorption

89
Q

Genetic syndrome that results in increased copper storage

-patients benefit from zinc supplementation

A

Wilson Disease

90
Q

Liver, shellfish, nuts, seeds, lentils, soy products, and DARK CHOCOLATE are good sources of

A

Copper

91
Q

A poor source of copper, but may promote copper absorption as we have seen with non-heme iron absorption

A

Meat

92
Q

Copper absorption occurs in the small intestine and is increased in an

A

Acidic environment

93
Q

Phyates, calcium, fiber, and zinc decrease

A

Copper absorption

94
Q

Part of lysly oxidase and is therefore important for the production of skin, hair, and CT

A

Copper

95
Q

Copper is a cofactor for superoxide dismutse, which is essential for the protection of cells from

A

Reactive oxygen species

96
Q

Copper also participates in the maintenance of the myelin sheath and the

A

Nervous system

97
Q

Cofactor for monoamine oxidase system involved in the synthesis of neurotransmitters

A

Copper

98
Q

As part of ceruloplasm, it promotes iron transportation

A

Copper

99
Q

The major copper containing protein in the plasma

A

Ceruloplasmin

100
Q

Ceruloplasm is important for recycling

A

Iron in macrophages

GI (59 decks)

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