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Gross Anatomy 2 > Pelvic Walls and Floor > Flashcards

Pelvic Walls and Floor Flashcards

1
Q

what bones form the pelvis?

A

right and left innominate bones with the sacrum in the middle

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2
Q

where is the greater sciatic notch?

A

between the ala of the innominate bones and ischial spine

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3
Q

what does the greater sciatic notch transmit?

A 
piriformis
superior gluteal vessels and nerves
inferior gluteal vessels and nerves
sciatic nerve
posterior femoral cutaneous nerve
internal pudendal artery and vein
nerve to obturator internus
nerve to quadratus femoris
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4
Q

what does the external surface of the ischial spine give attachment to?

A

gemellus superior

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5
Q

what does the internal surface of the ischial spine give attachment to?

A

coccygeus
levator ani
pelvic fascia

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6
Q

what does the pointed extremity of the ischial spine give attachment to?

A

sacrospinous ligament

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7
Q

what attaches to the ischial spine?

A 
gemellus superior
coccygeus
levator ani
pelvic fascia
sacrospinous ligament
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8
Q

where is the lesser sciatic notch?

A

between the ischial spine and ischial tuberoisty of the innominate bones

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9
Q

what ligaments convert the lesser sciatic notch into the lesser sciatic foramen?

A

sacrotuberous and sacrospinous ligaments

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10
Q

what does the lesser sciatic notch transmit?

A

tendon of obturator internus
nerve to obturator internus
pudendal nerve
internal pudendal vessels

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11
Q

what does the lower portion of the ischial tuberosity give attachment to?

A

outer: adductor magnus
inner: sacrotuberous ligament

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12
Q

what does the upper portion of the ischial tuberosity give attachment to?

A

upper + outer: semimembranosus

lower + inner: long head of biceps femoris and semitendinosus

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13
Q

what does the obturator foramen transmit?

A

obturator artery, vein and nerve (out of the pelvis)

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14
Q

where does the sacrospinous ligament run from and to?

A

ischial spine (pointed extremity) to sacrum

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15
Q

where does the sacrotuberous ligament run from and to?

A

sacrum to upper and inner portion of the ischial tuberosity

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16
Q

what type of joint is the pubic symphysis?

A

secondary cartilaginous

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17
Q

what articulates at the pubic symphysis?

A

left and right innominate bones

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18
Q

what type of joint is the lumbosacral joint?

A

secondary cartilaginous

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19
Q

what articulates at the lumbosacral joint?

A

L5 and the sacrum

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20
Q

what articulates at the sacroiliac joint?

A

sacrum and iliac crest

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21
Q

what ligaments hold together the sacroiliac joint (and what type of joints do they create)?

A

anterior sacroiliac ligament: synovial

posterior sacroiliac ligament: fibrous

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22
Q

what ligaments convert the greater sciatic notch into the greater sciatic foramen?

A

sacrotuberous and sacrospinous ligaments

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23
Q

what forms the anterior boundary of the pelvis?

A

pubic bodies
pubic rami
pubic symphysis

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24
Q

what forms the posterior boundary of the pelvis?

A

sacrum
coccyx
piriformis

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25
Q

what forms the inferior boundary of the pelvis?

A

muscular sheet forming the pelvic boundary

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26
Q

what forms the superior boundary of the pelvis?

A

there is no boundary - it’s an open space!

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27
Q

what is the difference in the shape of the innominate bones in males vs females?

A

males: acute angle at pubic symphysis, higher ala and smaller pelvic inlet
females: obtuse angle at pubic symphysis, flatter ala and wider pelvic inlet

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28
Q

what is iliacus found?

A

iliac fossa, then joins with the psoas and iliopsoas –> lesser trochanter of femur

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29
Q

what is the function of iliacus?

A

hip flexion

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30
Q

what is the innervation of the iliacus?

A

femoral nerve (L2-4)

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31
Q

where is psoas?

A

bodies and IV discs of L1-5 (deep) and of T12-L4 (superficial) –> lesser trochanter of the femur, after joining with the iliacus and iliopsoas

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32
Q

what are the functions of psoas?

A

one: bend trunk laterally
both: raise trunk from supine position

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33
Q

what is the innervation of psoas?

A

anterior rami L2-4, from lumbar plexus

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34
Q

where is obturator externus?

A

outer surface of obturator membrane –> trochanteric fossa of femur

35
Q

what is the function of obturator externus?

A

lateral rotation and stabilisation of hip

36
Q

what is the innervation of obturator externus?

A

posterior branch of obturator (L3+4)

37
Q

where is obturator internus?

A

inner surface of obturator membrane –> trochanteric fossa of femur, passes through lesser sciatic foramen

38
Q

what is the function of obturator internus?

A

lateral rotation of hip

39
Q

what is the innervation of obturator internus?

A

nerve to obturator internus, direct from sacral plexus (L5+S1)

40
Q

where is piriformis?

A

pelvic surface of sacrum –> greater trochanter of femur

41
Q

where is the function of piriformis?

A

lateral rotation of hip joint

42
Q

what is the innervation of piriformis?

A

nerve to piriformis, direct branch from sacral plexus (S1+2)

43
Q

what muscle forms the roof of the anal triangle?

A

levator ani

44
Q

what muscles form the pelvic diaphragm?

A

levator ani

coccygeus

45
Q

what is the function of the pelvic diaphragm?

A

muscular floor to prevent prolapse

46
Q

where is coccygeus?

A

ischial spine and sacrospinous ligament –> coccyx and inferior sacrum

47
Q

what is the function of coccygeus?

A

flexion of coccyx

support pelvic viscera

48
Q

what is the innervation of coccygeus?

A

direct branches from the sacral plexus (S4+5)

49
Q

what are the two parts of levator ani?

A

pubococcygeus and iliococcygeus

50
Q

what are the roles and movements of levator ani?

A

supports pelvic viscera
contract during forced expiration, coughing etc.
relaxes to allow urination and defecation

51
Q

which part of levator ani is formed of the most medial fibres?

A

pubococcygeus

52
Q

which part of leavtor ani is formed of the more lateral fibres?

A

iliococcygeus

53
Q

what is the role of pubococcygeus?

A

support the vagina/prostate gland and rectum

54
Q

where does the pubococcygeus attach?

A

vagina/prostate gland and rectum

55
Q

what are the three divisions of pubococcygeus?

A

puborectalis
levator prostate (puboprostaticus)
pubovaginalis

56
Q

where is the puborectalis found?

A

around the rectum

57
Q

where is the levator prostate (puboprostaticus) found?

A

around the prostate (male only)

58
Q

where is the pubovaginalis found?

A

around the vagina (female only)

59
Q

where is the iliococcygeus found?

A

anterior to coccygeus, posterior to pubococcygeus

60
Q

what innervates pubococcygeus?

A 
pudendal nerve (S2-4)
nerve to levator ani (S4)
61
Q

what component of pubococcygeus is found in males, and where do its fibres run?

A

most medial pass around the prostate and insert into perineal body (levator prostate)

62
Q

what component of pubococcygeus is found in females, and where do its fibres run?

A

most medial fibres pass around the vaina and insert into perineal body (pubovaginalis)

63
Q

what component of pubococcygeus is found in both sexes, and where are it’s fibres found?

A

fibres mix with those from the external anal sphincter, modified as a sling around the rectum (puborectalis)

64
Q

what is the function of puborectalis?

A

maintain faecal continence, especially important after the rectum has filled (so internal anal sphincter open)

65
Q

what is the anococcygeal raphe and where is it found?

A

connective tissue in the floor of the pelvis, between the coccyx and the posterior margin of the anus

66
Q

fibres of what form the anococcygeal raphe?

A

levator ani as they unite with the muscle on the opposite size

67
Q

where does the iliococcygeus attach?

A

fascia of obturator internus and anococcygeal raphe

68
Q

which of the iliococcygeus and pubococcygeus is more fibrous?

A

iliococcygeus

69
Q

what name is given to the area of the fascia of obturator internus that levator ani attaches to?

A

tendinous arch of levator ani

70
Q

what is the perineal body composed of?

A

fibrous connective tissue

71
Q

what attaches to the perineal body?

A

levator prostate
pubovaginalis
external anal sphincter
perineal muscles

72
Q

what is the equivalent of the perineal body between the anus and coccyx?

A

anococcygeal raphe

73
Q

where is the perineal body found?

A

females: between the anus and vulva
males: between anus and scrotum

74
Q

what does the parietal pelvic fascia cover?

A

the internal pelvic wall

75
Q

what does the thickened portion of parietal pelvic fascia over the obturator internus form?

A

tendinous arch of the pelvis (and levator ani)

76
Q

what does the anterior portion of parietal pelvic fascia give rise to in males?

A

puboprostatic ligament

77
Q

what does the anterior portion of parietal pelvic fascia give rise to in females?

A

pubovesical ligament

78
Q

what does the visceral pelvic fascia cover?

A

pelvic organs

79
Q

what does the lateral extension of visceral pelvic fascia from the vagina to the tendinous arch give rise to?

A

the paracolpium (the vascular and connective tissue alongside the vagina)

80
Q

at what point does the parietal and visceral pelvic fascia blend?

A

when the organs pierce the pelvic floor

81
Q

what is the role of the endopelvic fascia?

A

packing material around the organs

82
Q

what are the two basic types of endopelvic fascia?

A

loose and condensed

83
Q

where is the loose endopelvic fascia found?

A

in the spaces in the pelvis

e.g. retropubic (pre-vesical) space

84
Q

what is the condensed fascia formed of and where is it found?

A

thickenings of the endopelvic fascia, the primary condensation is the hypogastric sheaths running along the posterolateral walls of the pelvis

Gross Anatomy 2 (16 decks)

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