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2) Introductory Microbiology COPY > Structure & Function: Eukaryotes > Flashcards

Structure & Function: Eukaryotes Flashcards

1
Q

Where are Eukaryotic cell walls found? Where are they absent?

A
  • Surrounds cells of plants, algae and fungi

- Absent in animals and most protozoa

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2
Q

The cell wall of Eukaryotes is usually composed of _______

A

polysaccharides

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3
Q

What are the cell walls of plants, algae and some fungi composed of?

A

Cellulose (polymer of glucose)

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4
Q

What is the cell wall of fungi composed of?

A

Chitin (polymer of N-acetylglucosamine)

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5
Q

What is chromatin?

A

DNA + RNA + protein

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6
Q

What are the two forms of chromatin?

A
  • Euchromatin

- Heterochromatin

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7
Q

What is euchromatin?

A

Loosely packed chromatin, actively transcribed

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8
Q

What is heterochromatin?

A

Densely packed, low level of transcription

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9
Q

How many membranes does the nucleus of Eukarya contain?

A

Double membrane

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10
Q

One of the membranes of the nucleus of Eukarya is shared with what?

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

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11
Q

Where does the ribosome-mRNA complex go for cytoplasmic proteins?

A

Stays free in the cytoplasm

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12
Q

Where does the ribosome-mRNA complex go for membrane proteins, secreted proteins or vesicular proteins go?

A

Is directed to the endoplasmic reticulum

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13
Q

What is the structure of the rough endoplasmic reticulum? What is its main function?

A
  • Studded with ribosomes

- Important for protein synthesis

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14
Q

What is the structure of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum? What is its main function?

A
  • No ribosomes

- Involved in the synthesis of lipids

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15
Q

What is the membrane of the ER composed of?

A

Bilayer of phospholipids

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16
Q

Following protein synthesis by a ribosome, where does a protein that needs to be redirected to another compartment go? By way of what?

A
  • Goes to the endoplasmic reticulum

- By the SRP receptor (hole in the ER membrane that is activated by the presence of the synthesized protein)

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17
Q

What is the function of the Golgi body?

A
  • Triage center (post office)

- Receives the proteins, triages it, repackages it into other vesicles, adds a flag, and sends it to the right place

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18
Q

How do proteins travel from the ER to the Golgi apparatus?

A
  • Section of the ER will close around the proteins and form a vesicle
  • The vesicle will then fuse with the membrane of the Golgi apparatus and release its contents inside
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19
Q

Do all Eukaryotic cells have mitochondria?

A

No, some protozoa do not (live in environment without oxygen)

20
Q

Describe the outer membrane of the mitochondria. What is it permeable to?

A
  • Many porin proteins

- Molecule is very permeable to small molecules

21
Q

Describe the inner membrane of the mitochondria. What is the ratio of proteins to lipids? What does it contain?

A
  • 75% proteins, 25% lipids

- Transport proteins, enzymes, cytochromes, ATPases

22
Q

What does the matrix of the mitochondria contain? What type of ribosomes?

A
  • Enzymes (TCA cycle)
  • DNA
  • Ribosomes (70S)
23
Q

How is the proton motive force generated? What does it cause?

A
  • Oxidation and reduction reactions

- Phosphorylation of ADP to ATP

24
Q

In which microorganisms are chloroplasts present?

A

Phototrophic eukarya (plants, algae)

25
Q

What are the outer and inner membranes of chloroplasts composed of?

A

Outer: porins
Inner: transport proteins (regulated transport)

26
Q

What organelles do chloroplasts contain that the mitochondria does not?

A
  • Thylakoids

- Stroma

27
Q

What are thylakoids?

A
  • Where photosynthesis reactions are carried out

- Closed system of interconnected sacks and tubules

28
Q

How do thylakoids produce energy from light?

A
  • Contain enzymes and pigments that harvest light energy
  • Produces reducing power (NADP to NADPH)
  • Produces proton motive force which phosphorylates ADP to ATP
29
Q

Where are similar proteins to thylakoids found?

A

In many protosynthetic prokaryotes, usually in the cytoplasmic membrane

30
Q

Are chloroplasts able to synthesize their own proteins? Where are the remaining ones imported from?

A
  • Some of them

- Cytoplasm of the cell

31
Q

What is the stroma? What does it contain (DNA, ribosomes, enzymes)?

A
  • Cytoplasm of the chloroplast

- Circular DNA, 70S ribosomes, enzymes of the Calvin cycle

32
Q

Where does the acquisition of mitochondria and chloroplasts derive from?

A

Bacteria and archaea

33
Q

What are the three types of protein filaments in Eukaryotic cytoskeletons?

A
  • Intermediate filaments
  • Actin filaments
  • Microtubules
34
Q

What are microtubules composed of? What is their structure? Where do they grow from?

A
  • Alpha and beta tubulin
  • Helix-llike
  • Grow from the centrosome
35
Q

What are intermediate filaments important for? Provide an example.

A

To provide strength (ex: keratin)

36
Q

What are actin filaments important for? Provide an example.

A
  • Changing the shape of the cell

- ex: macrophages that crawl through the body by changing their shape is through actin

37
Q

Where are similar Eukaryotic cytoskeleton proteins found?

A

Several non-spherical prokaryotes

38
Q

What is the role of microtubules? Where do they spread?

A
  • Serve as “highways” for the transport of organelles and vesicles around the cytoplasm
  • From the center to the edge of the cell
39
Q

How do kinesin and dynein aid microtubules?

A

Proteins that attach to vesicles or organelles and “walk” on microtubules, transporting their cargos to where they are required

40
Q

What are centrosomes made up of?

A
  • Microtubules in a very specific structure

- 2 centrioles

41
Q

What is one centriole made up of? What is the construction?

A
  • 9 sets triplet microtubules

- 9 + 0 construction

42
Q

What is the role of centrioles and basal bodies?

A

Act as organizing centers for other microtubule arrays

43
Q

What are basal bodies?

A

Centrioles that have migrated near the cytoplasmic membrane

44
Q

What is the difference between cilia and flagella?

A
  • Cilia are shorter

- Flagella are longer

45
Q

What is the structure of cilia and flagella? What is the construction?

A
  • 9 sets of microtubule doublets + 2 single microtubules in the center
  • 9 + 2
46
Q

Are the cilia and flagella of Eukaryotes covered by a plasma membrane?

A

Yes

47
Q

How do cilia and flagella move? What does it require?

A
  • Movement is created when dynein arms slide the doublets past each other
  • Dynein is powered by ATP

2) Introductory Microbiology COPY (24 decks)

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