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2) Introductory Microbiology COPY > Taxonomy of Bacteria > Flashcards

Taxonomy of Bacteria Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three components to taxonomy?

A
  • Nomenclature
  • Classification
  • Identification
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2
Q

Who developed the binomial system of nomenclature?

A

Carl Linnaeus

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3
Q

What is the binomial system of nomenclature?

A
  • Generic name (genus)

- Specific name (species)

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4
Q

Animalcules were originally classified in the class _______

A

Chaos, with everything else that could not be classified

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5
Q

What is phenetic?

A

Overall similarity (aerobic respiration, usage of flagella)

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6
Q

What is phylogenic?

A

Evolutionary relationships

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7
Q

How can phenetic information be uncovered?

A
  • Morphology
  • Physiology
  • Biochemistry
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8
Q

How can phylogenetic information be uncovered?

A
  • Fossil records
  • Ribosomal RNA sequences
  • Multi-Locus sequences typing
  • Whole genome sequencing
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9
Q

What are species?

A

Plants, animals, and organisms that are capable of sexual reproduction to produce fertile offspring

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10
Q

Who discovered the traditional method for the classification of Prokaryotes? When?

A
  • 200 years ago

- Michael Adanson

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11
Q

What is the phenetic numerical taxonomy method by Adanson?

A
  • All characteristics should be of equal importance (unbiased)
  • Classification should be based on as many features as possible
  • Organisms should be trouped based on overall similarity
  • Phenotypic characteristics: morphology, motility, metabolism, physiology, cell wall chemistry
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12
Q

In the phenetic numerical taxonomy method by Adanson, a _________ can illustrate the relationship between species.

A

Dendogram

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13
Q

In the phenetic numerical taxonomy method by Adanson, what are the two methods that can be used to calculate the similarities between pairs of microorganisms?

A
  • Similarity coefficient

- Jaccard coefficient

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14
Q

What is the equation for the similarity coefficient?

A

S = (Nb shared)/(Total nb tested)

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15
Q

What is the equation for the Jaccard coefficient?

A

Sj = (Nb shared)/(Total nb tested) - (Negative nb for both)

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16
Q

What is a mutation?

A

Change in the genome of an organism

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17
Q

What selects or discards mutations?

A
  • Evolutionary pressure

- Adaptive mutations improve fitness of an organism, increasing its survival in the environment

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18
Q

Which mutations are usually lost?

A

Deleterious mutations

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19
Q

What is Carl Woese known for?

A
  • Sequencing of the small subunit rRNA (SSU rRNA)

- Established the 3 domains of life

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20
Q

What is the SSU rRNA in Prokaryotes? What is it in Eukaryotes?

A
  • Prokaryotes: 16S rRNA

- Eukaryoates: 18S rRNA

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21
Q

What are the 3 steps to comparative rRNA sequencing?

A
  • Amplification of the gene encoding SSU rRNA
  • Sequencing of the amplified gene
  • Analysis of sequence in reference to other sequences
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22
Q

What is the function of rRNA sequencing?

A

To infer the phylogeny of Prokaryotes and other microorganisms

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23
Q

What are phylogenetic trees?

A

Graphic illustration of the relationships among sequences

24
Q

What does the branch length in phylogenetic trees represent?

A

The number of changes that have occurred along that branch

25
Q

What do branches define in phylogenetic trees?

A

Define the order of descent and ancestry of the nodes

26
Q

What are nodes in phylogenetic trees?

A

Putative common ancestor

27
Q

What is the ancestor of Eukarya?

A

Arachaea

28
Q

What is endosymbiosis?

A
  • Hypothesis for the origin of Eukaryotic cells
  • Implies that mitochondria and chloroplasts arose from symbiotic association of Prokaryotes with another type of cell (primitive Eukaryote)
29
Q

How do Eukaryotic cells ressemble bacteria?

A

Similar lipids and energy metabolism to Bacteria

30
Q

How do Eukaryotic cells ressemble Archaea?

A

Eukaryotes have transcription and translation machinery most like Archaea

31
Q

What are the two hypotheses that explain the formation of the Eukaryotic cell?

A

1) Eukaryotes began as a nucleus-bearing lineage that later acquired mitochondria and chloroplasts by endosymbiosis
2) Eukaryotic cells arose from intracellular associations between an H2-producing bacterium (the symbiont), which gave rise to mitochondria, and an H2-consuming archaeal host (which later developed a nucleus)

32
Q

What is an example of a filamentous actinobacteria?

A

Streptomyces

33
Q

What is streptomyces? How do they grow? What do they produce?

A
  • Multicellular
  • Hyphal growth
  • Many copies of chromosome, but are not separated by cross-walls
  • Produce desiccation resistant spores at the tip of an elevated structure called sporopore
34
Q

What is an example of predatory bacteria?

A

Bdellovibrio

35
Q

What is Bdellovibrio? What don’t they infect?

A
  • Infects other bacteria
  • Acquires nutrients from host cells
  • Do NOT infect Gram-Positive
36
Q

How do Bdellovibrio grow on agar plates?

A

They do not grow on agar

37
Q

What is an example of an obligate intracellular bacteria?

A

Chlamydia

38
Q

Where does chlamydia only grow?

A

Inside Eukaryotic host cells

39
Q

Differentiate the elementary and reticulate bodies of chlamydia.

A
  • Elementary bodies: infectious, release from host cells

* Reticulate bodies: intracellular, active growth

40
Q

What is an example of stalked bacteria?

A

Caulobacter

41
Q

Where is caulobacter found?

A

Aquatic environments

42
Q

How does caulobacter use cellular differentiation?

A
  • Sedentary stalked mother cell

- Motile flagellated daughter cell

43
Q

What does caulobacter secrete? From where?

A

The tip of the stalk secretes the stickiest substance known

44
Q

Can you classify strains of bacteria and archaea with SSU rRNA?

A
  • 16S is not enough to classify strains of the same species

- The polyphasic approach to taxonomy is usually used

45
Q

What is the polyphasic approach to taxonomy?

A

1) Phylogenetic analysis (16S rRNA, MLST)
2) Phenotypic analysis (motility, capsule, virulence)
3) Genotypic analysis (presence/absence of specific genes, etc.)

46
Q

What is Multi-Locus Sequence Typing (MLST)? What is it useful for?

A
  • Several different housekeeping genes from a species are sequences and aligned to the respective sequences of other individuals of the same species
  • Useful to distinguish between very closely related strains (useful for outbreaks)
47
Q

What does identification depend on?

A

Depends on the comparison of its properties with those of organisms that have already been classified and named (type strains)

48
Q

What is a dichotomous key? What is it useful for?

A
  • Morphology + Phenotype

- Useful in a clinical setting for identifying a disease

49
Q

What is serotyping?

A

Based on the binding of specific antibody to surface structures

50
Q

Give examples of selective and differential methods.

A
  • Glucose fermentation

- API strips

51
Q

What are O serotypes?

A

LPS

52
Q

What are K serotypes?

A

Capusle

53
Q

What are H serotypes?

A

Flagella

54
Q

What are antibodies?

A

Molecules of the immune system that recognize and bind to a molecule on the surface of a microorganism or to secreted proteins

55
Q

What is observed in a positive serotyping reaction?

A

Agglutination

2) Introductory Microbiology COPY (24 decks)

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