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Geriatrics > Lec 2 Aging > Flashcards

Lec 2 Aging Flashcards

1
Q

T/F:

Cells, tissues, and organs may vary in age-related change in the same individual, but are ultimately connected.

A

True

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2
Q

Over the years, how has life expectancy from 65 changed?

A

Not much

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3
Q

Maximum life span

A

115

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4
Q

Definition:

Increased longevity observed in hybrids

A

Hybrid vigor

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5
Q

T/F:

People live longer if their parents live longer.

A

True

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6
Q

Life expectancy in twins.

A

Less difference in life expectancy of monozygotic twins compared to dizygotic.

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7
Q

Rare disease that causes children to age rapidly.

A

Progeria/ Hutchinson-Gilford Syndrome

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8
Q

Adult progeria

A

Werner’s Syndrome

Signs of rapid aging don’t occur until they hit puberty.

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9
Q

Child progeria

A

Hutchinson-Gilford Syndrome

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10
Q

These functions do NOT change as we age.

A

1) pH and electrolyte content of blood

2) Verbal intelligence

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11
Q

Rate of yearly loss of the functional capacity we had at 30 years old.

A

0.8-0.9%

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12
Q

Rate of mortality after 30 years old.

A

Doubles every 7 years

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13
Q

The catchall risk factor for most diseases.

A

Aging

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14
Q

Fibroblasts can only multiply a finite number of times.

A

Hayflick Limit

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15
Q

Nucleic acid sequences found at the ends of chromosomes.

A

Telomeres

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16
Q

These shorten every time a cell divides.

A

Telomeres

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17
Q

Telomere Theory

A

Telomere shortening causes cell damage that prevents the cell from duplicating.

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18
Q

Prevents cell damage from Telomere shortening.

A

Telomerase

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19
Q

Where is Telomerase found?

A

Germ and Cancer cells

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20
Q

Maintains the length of Telomeres by adding Guanine-rich nucleotides to DNA.

A

Telomerase

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21
Q

Free radicals damage cell membranes and create cellular waste, which accumulates.

A

Free Radical Theory

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22
Q

An age pigment that accumulates over time.

A

Lipofuscin

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23
Q

Cell Membrane Theory

A

The cell loses its ability to transfer chemicals and charge bc there’s a decrease in lipids and water in the cell membrane.

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24
Q

Where does Lipofuscin deposit?

A

Brain, heart, lung, and skin.

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25
Q

Mitochondrial decline Theory

A

Free radical damage causes mitochondria to make less ATP

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26
Q

AKA “Cross-linking Theory”

A

Glycosylation Theory

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27
Q

Glycoslyation Theory

A

Sugar binds to protein in the presence of oxygen

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28
Q

Makes up 25% of the body’s proteins.

A

Collagen

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29
Q

Affects the flow of nutrients and waste products from cells.

A

Cross-linking

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30
Q

T/F:

Molecules becomes irreversibly immobilized by cross-linking.

A

True

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31
Q

Says that the hypothalamus is damaged over time by release of cortisol from the adrenal glands.

A

Neuroendocrine Theory

32
Q

One of the few hormones that increases with age.

A

Cortisol

33
Q

This caused mice to live 50% longer.

A

Calorie restriction (In red)

34
Q

This is an empirical observation, not a theory.

A

Calorie restriction

35
Q

Theory:

Organism is only needed to reproduce and have a nurture period.

A

Evolution Theory

36
Q

This theory says we have programmed events, like puberty and menopause

A

Biologic Clock Theory

37
Q

Regulates aging and death of cells.

A

Sirtuins (SIR2)

38
Q

Sirtuin found in red wine

A

Resveratrol

39
Q

An anti-fungal immunosuppressant used in transplants

A

Rapamycin

40
Q

Promotes cell division and growth

A

IGF (insulin-like growth factor)

41
Q

Regulates how cells respond to Insulin and IGF

A

Rapamycin

42
Q

Gene that is regulated by the Insulin/IGF pathway.

A

FOXO

43
Q

When this gene is mutated, there’s an increase in longevity.

A

FOXO gene

44
Q

Skin thickness sharply declines after what age?

A

60

45
Q
  • Skin is wrinkled, dry, atrophic, and flaccid.
  • Vermillion border of the lip is NOT sharp.
  • May be premalignant
A

Actinic, Senile, or Solar elastosis

46
Q

From too much sun exposure.

A

Actinic Elastosis

47
Q

These decrease as we get older.

A

Muscle Mass
Total body water
Thermoregulation

48
Q

This increases as we get older.

A

Body fat

Orthostatic hypotension

49
Q

The sensitivity of this reflex decreases as we age.

A

Baroreflex

50
Q

These drugs include antidepressants, antihistamines, antipsychotics, and many mold remedies, and must be used with care in older patients.

A

Anticholinergic drugs

51
Q

Stiffness/Compliance of the heart as we get older.

A

Gets stiffer/less compliant

52
Q

Why does the heart get stiffer as we age?

A

Increase in connective tissue.

AKA CHF caused by fibrosis.

53
Q

How to manage CHF caused by fibrosis?

A

Diuresis and control of coexistent HTN.

54
Q

This medication serves no purpose in managing CHF caused by fibrosis.

A

Digoxin

55
Q

This is usually caused by the degeneration of a normal aortic valve if it occurs for the first time in a 60 year-old or older individual

A

Aortic Stenosis

56
Q

This requires the use of pacemakers if it occurs in older adults.

Many adults are also treated with anticoagulants to prevent thrombosis and embolism.

A

Arrhythmias

57
Q

Most important predisposing factor for endocarditis.

A

Previous disease

58
Q

Safe INR for surgical treatment

A

< 3

59
Q

This drug may prolong the QT interval, potentially leading to malignant arrhythmias.

A

Azole antifungals

60
Q

Caution using the ultrasonic in patients with these bc it can cause an electrosurge.

A

Pacemakers

Defibrillators

61
Q

Must do this to avoid endocarditis.

A

Premedicate

62
Q

T/F:

To avoid endocarditis in people who premedicate, space the visits adequately to clear the drug and avoid a drug resistance effect.

A

True

Alternate between Amoxicillin and Clindamycin

63
Q

T/F: As we age, the risk for infection of the lungs is increased.

Oral organisms may contribute to pulmonary infection in older adults.

A

True

64
Q

May be a significant cause of mortality in institutionalized elders.

A

Pneumonia

65
Q

GI issues as you get older have what affect on oral drug absorption?

A

Decreased absorption of most drugs given orally.

66
Q

GFR in older patients.

A

Decreases

67
Q

These increase the risk of dehydration during illness and warm periods in old people.

A

1) Urinary concentrating defect

2) Reduced thirst

68
Q

After 40, how much does liver mass DECREASE each year?

A

1%

69
Q

Plasma albumin levels in elderly.

A

Decrease

70
Q

Effect of decreased plasma albumin level on drug effect.

A

Less plasma albumin means more unbound drug, so there’s a greater drug effect.

71
Q

Mediates the effects of GH

A

IGF-1

72
Q

GH levels decrease as we get older, so this also decreases.

A

IGF-1

73
Q

This increases when GH is given to healthy older adult men with low IGF levels.

A

Lean body mass

74
Q

This decreases when GH is given to healthy older men with low IGF levels.

A

Fat mass

75
Q

Do brittle (poorly controlled) diabetics need to premedicate to prevent infections from surgery?

A

Yes

76
Q

Age-related changes that occur in hematopoietic lab test values, like WBC count, hematocrit, hemoglobin, or platelet count.

A

No changes!

Geriatrics (12 decks)

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