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Endocrinology > Anatomy of the Endocrine System > Flashcards

Anatomy of the Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

In which bone does the PG sit?

A

In the sphenoid bone

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2
Q

What is the hollow called where the PG sits?

A

Hypophysial fossa

In the sphenoid bone

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3
Q

How is the PG related to the optic chiasma?

A

Optic chiasma lies directly superior

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4
Q

Which fibres from the optic nerve cross over to the opposite side at the chiasm?

A

Nasal

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5
Q

What is the visual defect if the PG pushes on the optic chiasma?

A

Bitemporal hemianopia

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6
Q

Which is the larger lobe of the PG?

A

Anterior

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7
Q

Which part of the PG has an endocrine function?

A

Anterior

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8
Q

Which part of the PG has a neuroendocrine function?

A

Posterior PG

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9
Q

Where does the posterior PG extend from?

A

Hypothalamus

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10
Q

Which hormones does the posterior PG secrete?

A

Oxytocin

Vasopressin

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11
Q

What are the types of chromophils in the anterior PG?

A

Acidophil

Basophil

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12
Q

What are the classes of hormones released by acidophil?

A

Somatotrophs

Mammotrophs

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13
Q

What is the secretory produce of somatotrophs?

A

Somatotrophin

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14
Q

What is the secretory product of mammotrophs?

A

Prolactin

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15
Q

What are the classes of basophils?

A

Corticotrophs
Thyrotrophs
Gonadotrophs

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16
Q

What do corticotrophs secrete?

A

ACTH

MSH

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17
Q

What do thyrotrophs release?

A

Thyrotrophin

TRH

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18
Q

What do the gonadotrophs release?

A

LH

FSH

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19
Q

What is the blood supply to the PG?

A

brnaches of ICA

superior and inferior hypophysial arteries

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20
Q

How does the hypothalamus communicate with the anterior PG?

A

Through the hypophyseal portal system

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21
Q

How does the hypothalamus communicate with the posterior PG?

A

PPG is a continuation of the hypothalamus

Through neural communication

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22
Q

What does the thyroid gland lie anterior to?

A

Trachea

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23
Q

Between which vertebral levels is the thyroid gland located?

A

C5-T1

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24
Q

Which tracheal rings does the isthmus lie opposite to?

A

2nd to 4th tracheal rings

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25
Q

Which 3 strap muscles overlie the thyroid gland?

A

Omohyoid
Sternothyroid
Sternohyoid

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26
Q

Which 2 nerves supply the muscles of the vocal cord?

A

Recurrent laryngeal n.

Superior laryngeal n.

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27
Q

Where does the recurrent laryngeal nerve run?

A

Between the trachea and oesophagus

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28
Q

Where does the superior laryngeal nerve run?

A

Runs close to the superior thyroid artery

29
Q

From which major artery in the neck does the superior thyroid a. arise from ?

A

ECA

30
Q

From which artery does the inferior thyroid artery arise from?

A

Thyrocervical trunk

31
Q

Into which vein does the superior thyroid vein drain?

A

IJV

32
Q

Into which vein does the middle thyroid vein drain?

A

IJV

33
Q

Into which vein does the inferior thyroid vein drain?

A

Brachiocephalic vein

34
Q

Which type of cell on histology can you see lining the follicle in the thyroid gland?

A

Epithelium

Simple cuboidal

35
Q

What colour does the colloid stain (thyroid gland) in H&E staining?

A

pink

36
Q

What are the cells inbetween folllicles?

A

C cells

37
Q

What do c cells secrete?

A

Calcitonin

38
Q

What hormone does the thyroid gland secrete?

A

Thyroxine

39
Q

How many parathyroid glands do most people have?

A

4

40
Q

Where do the parathyroid gland lie in relation to the thyroid gland?

A

Posterior

41
Q

Where are the superior parathyroid glands located?

A

Level of the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage

42
Q

Where are the inferior parathyroid glands located?

A

Usually near the inferior poles of the thyroid

43
Q

What is the arterial supply to the parathyroid glands?

A

Inferior thyroid artery

44
Q

Which hormone does the parathyroid gland secrete?

A

PTH

45
Q

What is the role of PTH?

A

Regulating calcium in the body

46
Q

Which cells does PTH act on?

A

Osteoclasts to release calcium
Inhibiting osteoblasts to reduce Ca2+ deposition
Increases kidney reabsorption of Ca2+

47
Q

How are the adrenal glands separated from the kidneys?

A

By means of a capsule

48
Q

What is the peritonisation of the adrenal glands?

A

Retroperitoneal

49
Q

What are the 2 parts of the suprarenal glands?

A

Outer cortex

Inner medulla

50
Q

What is the embryological origin of the cortex?

A

Mesoderm

51
Q

What is the embryological origin of the medulla?

A

Neuroectoderm

Neural crest cells

52
Q

How many suprarenal veins are there?`

A

One

53
Q

Where does the suprarenal vein drain into on the right side?

A

IVC

54
Q

Where does the suprarenal vein drain into on the left side?

A

Left renal vein

55
Q

Describe blood supply to the adrenal glands

A

Superior adrenal artery
Middle adrenal artery
Inferior adrenal artery

56
Q

What are the 3 distinct zones of the adrenal cortex?

A

Outer zona glomerulosa
Middle zona fasciculata
Inner zona reticularis

57
Q

What are the 3 main hormones secreted from each zone of the adrenal cortex?

A

Glomerulosa - aldosterone
Fasciculata - cortisol
Reticularis - androgens (sex hormones)

58
Q

What is the peritonisation of the pancreas?

A

Retroperitoneal

59
Q

What cell types are found within the islets of langerhan?

A

Alpha
Beta
Delta
F

60
Q

What do alpha islet cells secrete?

A

Glucagon

61
Q

What do beta islet cells secrete?

A

Insulin

62
Q

What do delta islet cells secrete?

A

Somatostatin

63
Q

What do F islet cells secrete?

A

Pancreatic polypeptide

64
Q

Name an artery that runs on the posterior aspect of the pancreas?

A

Splenic artery

65
Q

How is pancreatic tissue arranged structurally?

A

Acinus

66
Q

Where does the superior adrenal artery arise from?

A

Inferior phrenic artery

67
Q

Where does middle adrenal artery arise from?

A

Abdominal aorta

68
Q

Where does inferior adrenal artery arise from?

A

Renal arteries

69
Q

Where do parathyroid glands drain?

A

Into thyroid plexus of veins

Endocrinology (19 decks)

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