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Endocrinology > Normal Growth Physiology > Flashcards

Normal Growth Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Where is GH released?

A

The anterior pituitary

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2
Q

What is another name for GH?

A

Somatotrophin

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3
Q

What is meant by species-speciifc?

A

It is not possible to used GH of non-human species in the treatment of deficiencies

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4
Q

What does GH require the permissive action of?

A

Thyroid hormones and insulin

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5
Q

What type of hormones is GH?

A

Peptide hormone

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6
Q

What % of GH hormone travels bound to protein?

A

50%

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7
Q

What is GH necessary for?

A

Growth and development

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8
Q

What is growth in the foetal period and first 8-10 months predominated by?

A

nutritional Intake

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9
Q

What is growth after 10 months predominated by?

A

GH

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10
Q

How is growth promoting of GH mediated ?

A

Through stimulation of both cell size and cell diviion

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11
Q

How is the effect of GH indirect?

A

As it is achieved through the action of an intermediate

IGF-1

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12
Q

What does IGF-1 do?

A

Mediates the action of GH

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13
Q

What does IGF-1 have a similar action to?

A

Insulin

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14
Q

How is the latter action of IGF-1 limited?

A

As it is limited to glucose uptake in muscle

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15
Q

Where is IGF-1 secreted from?

A

Liver

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16
Q

What is IGF-1 secreted in response to?

A

GH release from the anterior pituitary

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17
Q

How does IGF-1 control the release of GH from the Anterior P?

A

Through a negative feedback loop

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18
Q

How does IGF exhibit a negative feedback on t GH release?

A

Inhibits GHRH

Simutlates GHIH

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19
Q

What is the effect of GH and IGF on bone?

A
  1. GH stimulates chondrocyte precursor cells (prechondrocytes) in the epiphyseal plates to differentiate into chondrocytes.
  2. During the differentiation, the cells begin to secrete IGF-I and to become responsive to IGF-I
  3. IGF-I then acts as an autocrine or paracrine agent to stimulate the differentiating chondrocytes to undergo cell division and produce cartilage, the foundation for bone growth.
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20
Q

When does the epiphyseal plate close?

A

During adolescence

21
Q

What does the epiphyseal plate close under the influence of?

A

Sex steroid hormone

22
Q

What happens once the peiphyseal plate closes?

A

No further longitudinal growth is possible

23
Q

What are the direct effects of GH?

A

Increases gluconeogenesis by the liver
Reduces the ability of insulin to stimulate glucose uptake by muscle and adipose tissue
Makes adipocytes more sensitive to lipolytic stimuli
Increases muscle, liver and adipose tissue amino acid and protein synthesis

24
Q

Why is GH said to be diabetogenic?

A

Because it increases blood glucose

25
Q

How is GH release controlled?

A

By hypothalamus secreting GHRH and GHIH

26
Q

How does GH in the body vary throughout the day?

A

Varied dramatically throughout the day

27
Q

What type of hormones are GH and IGF-1?

A

Peptide

28
Q

What is the 24 hour mean of GH in adults and in children?

A

Adults - 2-4ng/ml

Children 5-8 ng/ml

29
Q

When is GH secretion approximately 20x increases?

A

In children during stages of deep delta sleep

30
Q

What is unusual about GH transport int he blood considering it is a peptide hormone?

A

It travels bound to carrier protein which is unusual for peptide hormones

31
Q

What causes fluctuations of GHRH and GH?

A

Spontaneously and in response to specific stimuli

32
Q

What stimuli increase GHRH secretion?

A 
Actual or potential decrease in energy supply to cells 
Increased amino acids in the plasma 
Stressful stimuli 
Delta sleep 
Oestrogen and androgens
33
Q

Which stimuli increase GHIH secretion?

A

Glucose
FFA
REM sleep
Cortisol

34
Q

What are the 3 factors that affect growth?

A

Hormones
Nutrition
Genetics

35
Q

Which hormones affect growth?

A 
GH
IGF-1
Thyroid hormones 
Androgens 
Oestrogen 
Glucocorticoids 
Insulin
36
Q

When does GH kick in?

A

About 10 months old

37
Q

Where do babies get their thyroid hormones from?

A

Mothers

38
Q

Which hormones dominate growth spurts in teenagers?

A

Sex hormones

39
Q

What are thyroid hormones essential for?

A

Normal growth

Especially for the development of the nervous system in utero and in early childhood

40
Q

What is cretinism?

A

Condition where children are hypothyroid from birth

41
Q

Why does cretinism cause retarded growth?

A

Because there is the loss of TH’s permissive action on GH

42
Q

What are GH levels in cretinism

A

Normal

Just there is no permissive action

43
Q

When are the 2 periods of rapid growth in humans?

A

Infancy

Puberty

44
Q

How do androgens and oestrogen increase growth during puberty?

A

They produce spikes of GH and IGF-1

45
Q

Which hormones terminate growth?

A

Androgens and oestrogen

46
Q

What is usually the cause of hypersecretion of GH?

A

Endocrine tumours

47
Q

What causes giantism?

A

Excess GH due to a pituitary tumour BEFORE the epiphyseal plates of long bones have closed

48
Q

What causes acromegaly?

A

Excess GH due to a pituitary tumour AFTER epiphyseal plates have sealed

49
Q

Why is there no longitudinal growth in acromegaly?

A

Because the epiphyseal plate of long bones has closed/sealed

Endocrinology (19 decks)

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