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physical geography (year 13) > water cycle, water on planet earth > Flashcards

water cycle, water on planet earth Flashcards

1
Q

what is the hydrosphere?

A

water on or close to the earths surface

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2
Q

what is atmospheric water?

A

water found in the atmosphere mainly water vapour

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3
Q

what is cyrospheric water?

A

water that is locked up in earths surface as ice

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4
Q

what is oceanic water?

A

water contained in the earths oceans but not inland seas

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5
Q

what is terrestrial water?

A

three main types
ground water - strata
surface water - lakes
soil water - air spaces of soil

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6
Q

what could effect climate change?

A

changing amounts of atmospheric water

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7
Q

what percentage of the earths surface do oceans cover?

A

72%

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8
Q

hwat percentage of water do the oceans contain?

A

97%

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9
Q

what percentage of the oceans have been explored?

A

5%

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10
Q

what does the salts in oceans allow it to do?

A

stay as a liquid below zero degrees

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11
Q

why has the ph of oceans decreased?

A

due to increase in atmospheric carbon

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12
Q

what are the five forms of cryospheric water?

A 
ice caps 
ice sheets 
alpine glaciers 
permafrost 
sea ice
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13
Q

what is sea ice/

A

formed from ocean water when temperature drops lower than zero

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14
Q

does sea ice raise sea level?

A

n

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15
Q

why doesn’t sea ice raise sea level?

A

because it forms from ocean water

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16
Q

what are ice shelves?

A

form when ice sheets and glaciers move out to sea

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17
Q

how are ice bergs formed?

A

chunks of ice that break off glaciers and ice shelves

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18
Q

do ice bergs change sea level?

A

only when they first leave land and push into the water but not when they melt

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19
Q

what are ice sheets?

A

mass of glacial land extending more than 50,000km

20
Q

where are the two major ice sheets?

A

covering most of greenland and antarctica

21
Q

what percentage of freshwater do the ice sheets on greenland and Antarctica hold?

A

99% of earths fresh water

22
Q

how far does the greenland ice sheet extend?

A

1.7 million km3

23
Q

how do ice sheets form?

A

when snow from winter does not fully melt in the summer and over thousands of years layers of ice pile up and compress

24
Q

how thick is the antarctica ice sheet?

A

2km

25
Q

if the antarctica ice sheet melted how much would sea level rise by?

A

60m

26
Q

what are ice caps?

A

thick layers of ice that extend less than 50,000km2

27
Q

which form extends more than 50,000km2?

A

ice sheets

28
Q

where are ice caps found?

A

in mountainous areas

29
Q

which way do ice caps flow?

A

outwards, covering everything in their path

30
Q

what are alpine glaciers

A

thick masses of ice found in deep valleys or in upland hollows

31
Q

what is permafrost?

A

defined as ground that remains below zero degrees for at least two consecutive years

32
Q

when permafrost melts what does it release and why is this a problem?

A

releases large amounts of carbon dioxide and methane, potentially affecting global warming

33
Q

what are the four broad classes terrestrial water can fall into?

A

surface water
ground water
soil water
biological water

34
Q

what is surface water?

A

free flowing water of rivers as well as the water of ponds and lakes

35
Q

what doe rivers act as?

A

a store and a transfer of water

36
Q

what is groundwater?

A

water that collects underground in the pore spaces

37
Q

what is the water table defined as?

A

the depth at which rock becomes completely saturated with water

38
Q

how is the amount of groundwater decreased?

A

by extraction for use in irrigation for agricultural dry land

39
Q

what is soil water?

A

held together with air in unsaturated upper weathered layers of the earth

40
Q

how does soil moisture affect climate?

A

plays a part in the evaporation

41
Q

what is biological water?

A

water stored in all biomass

42
Q

how can climates become more desert like linked to biological water?

A

if vegetation is cut down then there is no evaporation so no water in the atmosphere making the air very dry

43
Q

what states of water does atmospheric water have?

A

all three

44
Q

what will a small increase in water vapour lead to?

A

an increase in atmospheric pressures

45
Q

what can hot air do but cold air can’t?

A

hold more water

physical geography (year 13) (17 decks)

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