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Endocrinology > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Hormones released by posterior pituitary

A

Oxytocin and Vasopressin

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2
Q

Posterior pituitary name

A

Neurohypophysis

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3
Q

What does AVP stand for

A

Argenine vassopressin

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4
Q

How do oxytocin and vasopressin differ

A

At the 8th amino acid, one has argenine and the other has lucine

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5
Q

What are the posterior pituitary hormones produced by

A

Hypothalamic neurons of the magnocellular system

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6
Q

How are posterior pituitary hormones transported

A

Through the axon of the neuron (not the portal system)

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7
Q

Are the pathways for the posterior pituitary afferent of efferent

A

Afferent, Ascending

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8
Q

Signals for oxytocin secretion

A

Breastfeeding, labor

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9
Q

Signals for vasopressin secretion

A

Vascular distension

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10
Q

What controls the secretion of Oxytocin and ADH

A

Depolarization

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11
Q

What type of tissue do ADH and oxytocin target

A

Smooth muscle tissue

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12
Q

What GPCR controls the release of intracellular calcium

A

Alpha q 11

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13
Q

Vasopressin function

A 
Vasoconstriction 
Regulating osmolarity (DCT of medullary nephron) through the insertion of an aquaporin 2
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14
Q

Where is the hypothalamus

A

Part of the diancephalon. Inferior to the thalamus

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15
Q

Infundibulum

A

Connecting stalk between the hypothalamus and pituitary

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16
Q

What makes up the hypothalamic hypophyseal tract

A

SON and PVN

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17
Q

What nuclei is oxytocin synthesized by

A

PVN

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18
Q

What nuclei is ADH synthesized by

A

SON

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19
Q

Where are neurohormones secreted into from the hypothalamus

A

They are released into interstitial tissue and picked up by the capillary plexus in the posterior pituitary

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20
Q

How are the anterior pituitary and the hypothalamus connected

A

Vascularly. No direct connection.

Hypophyseal portal system

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21
Q

What does the hypophyseal portal system connect

A

The median eminence to the secretory cells of the anterior pituitary

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22
Q

Primary plexus

A

Drains interstitial space of the median eminance

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23
Q

Secondary plexus

A

Delivers hypophysiotropic factors of the hypothalamus to the adenohypothesis (anterior pituitary)

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24
Q

TRH
-function

-Location of TRH cells

A
  • Controls TSH secretion

- PVN and preoptic area

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25
Q

SST
-function

-Location of SST cells

A
  • Inhibits GH secretion and acts on somatotrophs

- Anterior periventricular area

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26
Q

GHRH
-function

-Location of GHRH cells

A
  • stimulates GH release from the anterior pituitary

- Arcuate and ventromedial nucleus

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27
Q

Ghrelin

A

Activates GHRH receptors and GH release

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28
Q

GnRH
-function

-Location of GnRH

A

-Arcuate nucelus

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29
Q

CRH

  • function
  • location of CRH cells
A
  • Stimulates the release of ACTH from the anterior pituitary
  • Parvocellular region (PVN)
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30
Q

Dopamine (prolaction release inhibiting factor, PIF)

  • function
  • location of DA cells
A
  • inhibits prolactin release from hypothalamus

- widespread

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31
Q

PRF

A

prolactin release factor, seratonin is a candidate

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32
Q

Predominant glucocorticoid

A

Cortisol

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33
Q

Role of glucocorticoids

A

Inhibit the hypothalamus and pituitary

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34
Q

What do steroid hormones inhibit

A

Hypothalamus

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35
Q

What does GH act on

A

Somatomedins in the liver

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36
Q

What synthesizes peptide hormones

A

Prohormones

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37
Q

How are prohormones released

A

Stores in secretory vesciles and released by exycytosis

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38
Q

Do peptide hormones need a chaperone to go through the bloodstream

A

No. They are soluble in blood

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39
Q

Where are catecholamines produced

A

Adrenal medulla

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40
Q

What are calecholamines classified as

A

amines

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41
Q

What causes an influx of calcium ions and the calecholamide to be released

A

stimulation of chromaffin cells

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42
Q

Are calecholamides water or lipid soluble

A

Water

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43
Q

What are steroid hormones derived from

A

Cholersterol

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44
Q

Biochemical changes in the cell

A
  1. Transport
  2. Contraction
  3. Secretion
  4. Differentiation
  5. Proliferation
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45
Q

What receptors do water soluble molecules bind to

A

Receptors on the cell membrane

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46
Q

What is bound to the G protein in its inactive state

A

GDP

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47
Q

What is bound to the G protein in its active state

A

GTP

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48
Q

What catalyzes the conversion of ATP to cAMP

A

Adenylate cyclase

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49
Q

What is a first messanger

A

Hormone

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50
Q

Second messanger

A

cAMP

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51
Q

What does cAMP activate

A

Protein kinase A

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52
Q

What inactivates cAMP

A

Phosphodiesterase

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53
Q

What types of hormones bind the intracellular receptors

A

Steroid and thyroid (lipid soluble)

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54
Q

What happens when the lipid soluble hormone binds to its receptor

A

The chaperone (heat shock protein) dissassociates

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55
Q

What does the receptor hormone complex bind to

A

DNA

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56
Q

List anterior pituitary hormones

A

TSH, ACTH, GH, LH, FSH, PRL

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57
Q

List hypothalamic hormones

A

TRH, CRH, GHRH, GnRH, DA

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58
Q

Hormones that increase prolactin release

A

Estrogen, Oxytocin, thyroid hormone

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59
Q

What hormones inhibit the anterior pituitary and hypothalamus

A

T3, T4, SST, DA, glucocorticoid

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60
Q

TSH activates the transcription of

A
  1. Na I symporter
  2. Thyroglobulin
  3. Thyroperoxidase
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61
Q

Thyroglobulin

A

Protein scaffold for T3, 4 production and storage

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62
Q

Thyroperoxidase

A

Enzyme facilitating T3 and T4 production

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63
Q

How are T3 and T4 transported

A

Not soluble in water, need a transport protein

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64
Q

Transport protein for T3 and T4

A

Thyroglobulin binding protein

65
Q

Where is the apical surface of the epithelial cells

A

Facing the lumen

66
Q

What do the C cells of the thyroid produce

A

Calcitonin

67
Q

What is activated by G alpha q

A

Phospholipase C (secretion of TSH)

68
Q

What is activated by G alpha s

A

Adenylate cyclase

69
Q

What is the difference between T3 and T4

A

The number of iodine molecules

70
Q

What do osteoclasts do

A

Break down bone

71
Q

Magnocellular

A

Neuroohormones (oxytocin and vasopressin)

72
Q

Paraventricular

A

Releasing and inhibiting hormones (anterior pituitary)

73
Q

Median eminence

A

Axon terminal of parvicellular. Neurons release neurohormones here

74
Q

What surrounds the median eminence

A

Primary capillary plexus (how hormones travel to the anterior pituitary)

75
Q

Jobs of anterior pituitary

A
  • metabolism
  • response to stress
  • sexual development
76
Q

Troph

A

Cells of the anterior pituitary

77
Q

Glycoproteins

A

TSH, FSH, LH

Beta subunit

78
Q

What does GH target

A

Generalized body tissue

79
Q

What does PRL target

A

Mammary tissue

80
Q

Anabolic

A

Promotes synthesis

81
Q

How does depolarization activate the neuron

A

Calcium channels at the axon terminals open

82
Q

Aquaporin

A

Pore for water transport

83
Q

What inhibits TSH release

A

T3 produced by the conversion of T4 to T3 (and SST, DA, glucocorticoids)

84
Q

What converts T3 to T4

A

Deiodinase

85
Q

What happens to Tg in the lumen

A

Post translational modification. Tyrosine residues iodinated

86
Q

How are T3 and T4 formed in the lumen

A

Iodotyrosine residues are coupled

87
Q

Where is iodine concentrated in the body and by what

A

In the thyroid epithelial cells by a Na+ I+ symporter in the basolateral plasma membrane of the follicular cells

88
Q

How does iodine enter the lumen

A

Apical efflux via an iodine channel in the apical membrane of the follicular cells

89
Q

Organificiation of iodine

A

Iodine binds to carbon 3 or 5 of the tyrosine residues on Tg

90
Q

What catalyzes the coupling of iodine and tyrosine residues

A

thyroid peroxidase

91
Q

Is there more T3 or T4 in the plasma

A

T4. 40x as much

92
Q

Where does the deionization of T4 occur

A

The liver

93
Q

How does TH travel throughout the body

A

Needs protein. Water insoluble

94
Q

What are the binding proteins for T3 and T4

A

Thyroglobulin binding protein, transthyretin, albumin

95
Q

Where are thyroid hormone receptors

A

Virtually all tissues

96
Q

G alpha s

A

Adenylate cyclase

97
Q

G alpha q 11

A

Calcium

98
Q

2 primary G protein signlaing cascases

A

cAMP

Phospatidylinosital

99
Q

What controls which pathway is activated

A

The alpha subunit

100
Q

What happens when a ligand binds

A

Receptor changes conformation, G protein is activated.G protein dissociates

101
Q

cAMP pathway

A

G alpha s binds to adenylate cyclase and stimulates cAMP synthesis from ATP.
G alpha o binds to AC to stop cAMP synthesis

102
Q

Phosphatidylinosital pathway

A

G alpha q 11 binds to phospholipase C and catalyzes cleavage of PIP2 into second messangers

103
Q

Thyroid hormone nuclear action

A
  1. T4 deiodinized to T3
  2. T3 passes through plasma and nuclear membranes
  3. T3 binds with TR and nucelar sequences
  4. Receptor activation either activates or inhibits gene expression
  5. Changes of expression of specific genes mediates TH’s tissue effects
104
Q

TH at the bone

A

Activation of osteoclast and blast activities

Defficiency effects growth. Too much causes osteoporosis

105
Q

TH at the cardiovascular system

A

inotropic and chronotropic effects

increases cardiac output, volume, decreases systemic vascular resistance

106
Q

Inotropic

A

Affect strength of cardiac muscle contraction

107
Q

Chronotropic

A

Affect rate and rhythm

108
Q

TH at adipose

A 
differentiation 
lipogenic enzymes and intracellular lipid accumulation
stimulates adipocyte cell proliferation 
stimulates uncoupling proteins 
uncouples oxidative phosphorelation
109
Q

TH at the liver

A

Regulates triglyceride and cholersterol metabolism
regulates lipoprotein homeostasis
Modulates cell proliferation and mictochondrial respiration

110
Q

TH at the pituitary

A

Regulates synthesis of hormones

Stimulates GH, inhibits TSH

111
Q

TH at the brain

A

Controls expression of genes involved in mylenation, cell differentiation, migration and signaling.
Necessary for axon growth and development

112
Q

Thyroid dysfunction results from

A
  1. alterations in levels of hormones
  2. impaired metabolism of thyroid hormones
  3. resistance to thyroid hormone actions at the tissue level
113
Q

Enlarged thyroid

A

Hyperplasia

Graves disease

114
Q

Thyroid destruction

A

Hashimoto thyroiditis

115
Q

What hormones are released by lactotrophs

A

Prolactin

116
Q

What hormones are released by mammosomatotrophs

A

Prolactin and GH

117
Q

What hormones are released by somatotrophs

A

GH

118
Q

What hormones are released by thyrotrophs

A

Thyrotropin

119
Q

What hormones are released by gonadotrophs

A

FSH and LH

120
Q

What hormones are released by corticotrophs

A

Corticotropin

121
Q

Acidophil

A

GH or prolactin

122
Q

Basophil

A

TSH, ACTH, FSH and LH

123
Q

Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) hormones

A

MSH and ACTH

124
Q

Peptide growth hormones

A

GH and PRL

125
Q

Indirect effects of GH

A
  • Increases amino acid incorporation into muscle

- increases collagen incorporation into extracellular matrix

126
Q

Direct effects of GH

A

Oppose effects of insulin

Increase blood glucose levels

127
Q

What does PRL do in males

A

Affects LH function. Increase in testosterone which effects rate of spermatogenesis

128
Q

How is ACTH made

A

ACTH is cleaved off POMC (prohormone)

129
Q

Where are melanotrophs found

A

In the pars intermedia of the hypothalamus . Not found in the adult human

130
Q

POMC

A

Proprotein that includes peptide sequences for multiple homrones
Made by basophils

131
Q

Pituicytes

A

Neuroglial cells of the posterior pituitary

132
Q

What does the posterior pituitary arise from

A

Neural ectoderm

133
Q

Where are the cell bodies and the axons of the posterior pituitary located

A

Cell bodies are in the hypothalamus

Axons extend into the pituitary

134
Q

AVP movement of water

A
  • AVP binds to receptors on basal surface
  • receptor activation increases cAMP
  • PK induces migration of vesciles with aquaporin 2
  • Aquaporin 2 integrated into the membrane
  • water enters along the concentration gradient
135
Q

Ligand gated ion channels

A

Activated by ligands. Subunits undergo changes opening the pore. Ions flow through into the cell

136
Q

Receptor tyrosine kinase

A

Ligands bind to the monomers and form dimers. ATP molecules donate a phsophate to each tyrosine. Relay proteins bind and trigger cellular response

137
Q

Toll like receptors

A

Involved in immune response. Signals between downstream proteins result in enhanced transcription of inflammatory genes

138
Q

Cytoplasmic receptors

A

Receptor crosses the nucelus through a pore. Binds to DNA, enhances transcription. New messanger RNA leaves the nucelus

139
Q

Nuclear receptors

A

Receptor bound to the DNA enhances transcription. New messanger RNA leaves the nucleus

140
Q

Exocrine glands

A

Secretory products released into ducts

141
Q

Endocrine glands

A

Hormones diffuse into the blood after passing through the interstitial fluid

142
Q

Diabetes mellitus

A

Lack of insulin

Hyperglycemia and glucosuria (glucose in the urine)

143
Q

Diabetes insipidus (pituitary)

A

Lack of AVP (ADH)

Water loss, low blood volume, dehydration

144
Q

Nephrogenic

A

Unresponsive to AVP (ADH)

Water loss, low blood volume, dehydration

145
Q

Secondary

A

Not secreted properly

146
Q

Primary

A

Problem with target organ

147
Q

Addison’s disease (primary)

A

Adrenal cortical destruction (lack of all adrenal steroids)

Altered carbohydrate metabolism, salt losing syndrome

148
Q

Addison’s disease (secondary)

A

Lack of ACTH secretion

Altered carbohydrate metabolism

149
Q

Cushings (primary)

A 
Adrenal tumor (excess cortisol secretion) 
Protein catabolism, hyperglycemia
150
Q

Cushings (secondary)

A

Excess ACTH and cortisol secretion

Protein catabolism, hyperglycemia

151
Q

Cretinism (infantile hypothyroidism)

A

Lack of T3 and T4 secretion

Lowered basal metabolic rate, decreased mentation, growth failure

152
Q

Myxedemia (adult hypothyroidism)

A

Lack of T3 and T4 secretion

Lowered BMR, decreased mentation

153
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A

Excess T4 and T3 secretion

Enhanced BMR, hyperexicitability

154
Q

Hypoparathyroidism

A

Parathyroid gland production

Lowered blood calcium levels

155
Q

Hyperparathyroidism

A

Parathyroid gland tumor or hypertrophy (increased PTH)

Elevated blood calcium levels

156
Q

Pseudohypoparathyroidism

A

Lack of renal response to PTH

Lowered blood calcium levels

157
Q

Testicular feminizing syndrome

A

Absent or defective androgen receptors

Genital tract feminization in the male

158
Q

Hyperaldosteronism (Conn’s disease)

A 
Adrenocortical tumor (excess aldosterone)
Sodium retention, low blood volume, hypertension

Endocrinology (9 decks)

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