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GI > Anatomy- Upper GI Tract > Flashcards

Anatomy- Upper GI Tract Flashcards

1
Q

what are the components of the GI tract in each part of the body

A

head (oral cavity, pharnyx)

neck (pharynx, oesophagus)

chest (oesophagus)

abdomen (stomach, small intestine, large intestine)

pelvis (rectum, anal canal)

perineum (anus)

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2
Q

what is the function of the upper GI tract

A

mastication (chewing)

degulutition (swallowing)

taste

salivation

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3
Q

what does mastication facilitate

A

taste and digestion by mixing food with saliva and increases the surface area of the food

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4
Q

what is the role of the buccinator muscle

A

pushes food into middle of mouth for mastication- also muscle of facial expression

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5
Q

how many teeth do adults have

A

32, 16 top and bottom

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6
Q

what are the four quadrants of the mouth

A

upper right, upper left, lower right, lower left

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7
Q

what is another name for the upper dental arch

A

maxiillary

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8
Q

what is another name for the lower dental arch

A

mandibular

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9
Q

what is significant about the second maxillary molar

A

the parotid gland passes over the masseter muscle to insert and drain into the cheek at the level of the second maxillary molar

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10
Q

how care the teeth numbered

A

1-8 in each quadrant starting in middle

1&2 incisor
3 canine
4&5 premolars
6,7&8 molar (8 wisdom)

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11
Q

at what age should all teeth be erupted

A

18

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12
Q

what bones and joints are involved in chewing

A

temporal bone and mandible

temporomandibular joint

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13
Q

what happens in the head of the condylar process goes pas the articular tubicle

A

jaw dislocation

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14
Q

What are the four muscles of mastication innervated by

A

mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve (CN V3)

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15
Q

what are the four muscle of mastication

A

temporalis m, masseter m, lateral pterygoid, medial pterygoid

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16
Q

which muscles of mastication close/ open the jaw

A

3 close
-temporalis, masseter, medial pterygoid

1 open
lateral pterygoid

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17
Q

where does the temporalis attach

A

coronoid process of mandible to temporal fossa

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18
Q

where does the masseter attach

A

angle of mandible to zygomatic arch

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19
Q

which muscle of mastication is the strongest

A

messeter

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20
Q

where does the lateral pterygoid attach

A

condyle of mandible to pterygoid plates of sphenoid bone

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21
Q

where does the medial pterygoid attach

A

angle of mandible (medial side) to pterygoid plates of sphenoid bone (mimics masseter on the inside)

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22
Q

what separates the two cavities in the temporomandibular joints

A

an articular disc

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23
Q

what are the two cavities in the TMJ and what are their purposes

A

superior cavity for translation

inferior cavity for rotation

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24
Q

what allows for more rotation of the jaw

A

pulling it forward onto the articular tubercle of the temporal bone

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25
Q

does the CN V3 have sensory or motor fibres

A

both

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26
Q

what is the course of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve

A

leaves pons, through foramen ovale, to muscle of mastication and sensory area

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27
Q

what is the only bone in the body not connected to another bone

A

hyoid

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28
Q

what risk do loose teeth pose

A

choking hazard

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29
Q

what is gingival mucosa

A

that portion of the oral mucous membrane that covers and is attached to the necks of the teeth and the alveolar process of the jaws

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30
Q

how is the tongue divided

A

posterior 1/3rd and anterior 2/3rds separated by the sulcus terminalus line

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31
Q

describe the posterior 1/3rd of the tongue and its location and function

A

vertical part, in oropharynx, taste and general sensation

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32
Q

what nerve innervates the posterior part of the tongue

A

CNIX

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33
Q

describe the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue and its location and function

A

horizontal part, in oral cavity, taste and general sensory

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34
Q

what projections on the tongue have taste buds

A

foliate papillae, vallate papillae and fungiform papillae (singular papillae)

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35
Q

what part of tongue at tip sense for tough, temp etc

A

filiform papillae

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36
Q

what is the role of the facial nerve

A

special sensory, sensory, motor and parasympathetic

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37
Q

what is the course of the facial nerve

A

from pontomedullary junction, through temporal bone via internal accoustic meatus then stylomastoid foramen, to supply taste ant. 2/3rds of tongue, muscles of facial expression, glands in the floor of the mouth

38
Q

what is in the superior half of the oral cavity and what innervates it

A

gingiva and palate- general sensation CN V2

39
Q

what is in the inferior half of the oral cavity and what innervates it

A

gingiva and floor of mouth- generl sensation CNV3

40
Q

what is the gag relfex

A

protective reflex that prevents foreign bodies from entering the pharynx or larynx

41
Q

what carries the sensory part of the gag reflex

A

nerve fibres within the CN IX

42
Q

what carries the motor part of the gag reflex

A

nerve fibres within the VN IX

43
Q

what nerves will a local anaesthetic block in an endoscope

A

will block action potentials in CN V2, CN v3, CN VII, CN IX

44
Q

why is the gag reflex not there when a patient is unconscious

A

as a conscious reflex

45
Q

what is the CN V2

A

maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve - sensory fibres

46
Q

what is the course of the CN V2

A

from pons through foramen rotundum, to sensory area- mid face (through eyelid down to nose)

47
Q

what is the CN IX

A

glossopharyngeal nerve

48
Q

what is the role of the glossopharyngeal nerve

A

special sensory, sensory, motor, visceral afferent and parasympathetic

49
Q

what is the course of the glossopharyngeal nerve

A

from medula, through jugular foramen, to posterior wall of oropharynx (sensory), parotid gland (secretomotor) and post. 1/3rd tongue (sensation and taste)

50
Q

what order are cranial nerves in

A

anterior to posterior

51
Q

what are the three salivary glands

A

parotid gland, submandibular, sublingual

52
Q

where is the submandibular

A

enters floor of mouth and secretes via lingual caruncle

53
Q

where is the sublingual gland

A

lays in floor of mouth secretes via several ducts superiorly

54
Q

what number tooth is the upper 2nd molar

A

upper 7th

55
Q

how is the tongue held in the mouth

A

suspended in oral cavity by 4 pairs of skeletal muscle

56
Q

what is the role of the extrinsic muscles of the tongue

A

function to change the position of the tongue during mastication, swallowing and speech

57
Q

how many intrinsic muscles are in the tongue and what do they do

A

4 pairs, located dorsally and posteriorly

modify the shape of the tongue during function

58
Q

what are the 4 muscle of the tongue

A

genioglossus, hyoglossus, styloglossus, palatoglossus

59
Q

what are the tongue muscles innervated by

A

all by CNXII (hypoglossal nerve- just motor) EXCEPT palatoglossus

60
Q

what movements do the tongue muscles allow

A

hyoglossus- down and back

hyoglossus, styloglossus and palatoglosus- back

genioglossus- forward

61
Q

what is the role of the hypoglossal nerve

A

motor only

62
Q

what is the course of the hypoglossal nerve

A

from medulla, through hypoglossal canal, to extrinsic and intrinsic muscle of tongue (EXCEPT PALATOGLOSSUS)

63
Q

describe the constrictor muscles in the pharynx

A

circular muscles- 3 surround back of pharynx, contract sequentially to move bolus

64
Q

are muscles in the pharynx voluntary or not

A

yes- can control them but not control sequence of swallowing

65
Q

what and where is the Cricopharyngeus

A

junction between pharynx and oesophagus= upper oesophageal sphincter- C6

66
Q

what is the midline raphe

A

where muscle insert into each other

67
Q

what innervates the muscles in the pharynx

A

CNX

68
Q

what other muscles are in the pharnyx

A

longitudinal

69
Q

describe the process of swallowing

A

Close the lips to prevent drooling (orbicularis oris & cranial nerve VII)

The tongue (cranial nerve XII) pushes the bolus posteriorly towards the oropharynx

Sequentially contract the pharyngeal constrictor muscles (cranial nerve X) to
push the bolus inferiorly towards the oesophagus

At the same time the inner longitudinal layer of pharyngeal muscles (cranial
nerves IX & X) contracts to raise the larynx, shortening the pharynx and closing
off the laryngeal inlet to help prevent aspiration

The bolus reaches the oesophagus

70
Q

what muscle in the pharynx is not innervated by the CN X and what innervates it instead

A

Stylopharyngeus

CN IX

71
Q

what is an edoscopy used to do

A

vie the inside of the GI tract

72
Q

what do all the muscles involved in swallowing have in common and what does this mean

A

all skeletal - initiation is voluntary

all supplied by cranial nerves

73
Q

how do parasympathetics affect peristalsis

A

Parasympathetics (speed up peristalsis)

Sympathetics (slow down peristalsis)

74
Q

describe the enteric nervous system

A

Extensive network of nerves, found only in walls of GI tract

- Acts independently of other parts of nervous system, but can also be influenced by autonomic motor nerves

75
Q

what is the oesophagus

A

inferior continuation of the laryngopharynx

76
Q

where does the oesophagus begin

A

inferior edge or cricopharyngeus muscle (V6)

77
Q

how do the walls of the oesophagus sit when there is no food present

A

together- as is a muscular tube

78
Q

what two types of sphincter does the oesophagus have

A

anatomical upper and physiological lower

79
Q

where is the oesophageal plexus and what does it carry and what is its role

A

runs on surface to supply smooth muscle within its walls

contains parasympathetic (vagal) and sympathetic nerve fibres

these influence the ENS and peristalsis

80
Q

where does the oesophagus terminate

A

when it enters the cardia of the stomach

81
Q

where is the oesophagus in relation to the trachea

A

posterior to it

82
Q

how can left atrial dilatation cause dysphagia

A

as oesophagus in contact with posterior aspect of heart

83
Q

what is a physiological sphincter

A

not true sphincter as when in goes through the diaphragm

84
Q

what produces the sphincter effect in the lower oesophagus

A

contraction of the diaphragm,
intrabdominal pressure slightly higher than intragastric pressure,
oblique angle at which oesophagus enters the cardia of the stomach

85
Q

what does the lower oesophageal sphincter help do

A

reduce occurrence of reflux

86
Q

what will reduce the effectiveness of the lower oesophageal sphincter

A

presence of a hiatus hernia

87
Q

where is the lower oesophageal sphincter

A

immediatley superior to gastro-oesophageal junction

88
Q

where is the stomach when a patient is supine

A

Lies mainly in the left hypochodrium, epigastric and umbilical regions

89
Q

what general shape in the stomach

A

J

90
Q

where in stomach is gas and air seen on an X-rar

A

in the fundus

91
Q

what are rugae

A

folds that allow expansion of the stomach

GI (64 decks)

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