Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Geography IB > (Options) Hazards Case Studies > Flashcards

(Options) Hazards Case Studies Flashcards

1
Q

Destructive Plate Boundary

A

Nazca Plate forced under South American Plate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Collision Zones

A

Eurasian and Indo-Australian Plates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Constructive Plate Boundary

A

Mid-Atlantic Ridge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Conservative Plate Boundary

A

San Andreas Fault, California

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Earthquake LEDC

A

Haiti 2010 Jan

  • 7.0; epicentre 25km from Port-au-Prince ; focus 13km deep = most energy transmitted to surface
  • buildings deadly (built on soft sedimentary rock) - 50% demolished
  • 316,000 died, 300,000 injured, 1.5mn homeless
  • water supply system destroyed = 8,000 died cholera
  • 1mn displaced year later - shanty town outside capital (2.3mn displaced)
  • poorest nation Western Hemisphere, poverty
  • road damage cracks up to 4m deep
  • 20,000 commercial buildings + 225,000 residences collapsed or damaged
  • 15% more material 15% more cost = strengthen corners help buildings
  • 800,000 live outside 450 camps (3 camps portable water)
  • 4,758 schools damaged
  • 72% population live below $2 day
  • life expectancy 62; adult literacy rate 62%
  • Dominican Republic opened hospitals
  • 5,500 US troops
  • celebrity telethon raised £35mn
  • World food programme feed 2mn month
  • World bank suspended debt
  • GNI $660 per person per annum
  • $7.8bn damage 120% GDP
  • gov corruption = 53% aid spent 2 years later
  • remittance dependent 2008 = 32% GDP
  • 36% Port-au-Prince live slum conditions
  • 25% Civil servants died
  • Rape / sexual attacks camps
  • airport queues / damaged port ships turned away
  • 20% jobs disappeared
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Earthquake Mountainous region

A

(Pakistan-administered) Kashmir Oct 2005

  • 7.6 richter; 7-8 mercalli
  • Uri 80% town destroyed
  • 86,000 killed; over 106,000 injured
  • unconsolidated sediment = buildings on unstable ground + buildings rock/ timber w poor foundations = all buildings 60km radius epicentre collapsed, all damaged 100km radius
  • gov corruption - powerful more aid poor inadequate / nothing
  • damages over $5bn
  • politicised relief
  • landslides / rockfalls
  • 32,335 buildings collapsed Kashmir
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Tsunami

A

Boxing Day Tsunami 2004

  • earthquake 9 richter off west coast Indonesia = displacement water 5km deep; sea floor moved up 3m = tsunami east + west
  • water wall 24m high, 13.5m a sec
  • deaths 111,172 Indonesia of over 225,000 11 countries
  • Maldives 16 corals swamped
  • huge global media coverage
  • fishermen lost boats + nets - Amphur Khao Thailand 6/60 fishing boats intact
  • Sumatra waves 10-30m High; 4m Thailand, Sri Lanka, Somalia
  • salt water contaminated farmland - Sri Lanka plantations destroyed
  • buildings destroyed Sri Lanka coast
  • over 1500 villages Sumatra lost + over 100 schools wrecked
  • 1500 died train - Sri Lanka rail link destroyed
  • UK gov £75mn + £100mn public; Australian gov $810mn; japan $500mn; world bank $250mn
  • jan 2005 UN announced tsunami early warning system established Indian Ocean
  • west tsunami reached S India + Sri Lanka 2 hours
  • subsidence w Sumatran coast
  • uk + Australia medical + science teams
  • NGOs supplies in (Save the Children)
  • run-up height 32m; some waves 2km inland
  • Maldives whole islands uninhabitable
  • Sumatra coastal towns completely destroyed (wooden buildings on stilts)
  • sand scoured = land below sea level
  • Sri Lanka = over 35,000 dead; 100,000+ houses damaged; 552,641 displaced/injured; 50,000 wells abandoned - 12,000 damaged salt water contamination; 130,000 fishing / tourism jobs lost; 1000km coast affected
  • Sri Lanka vulnerable - poor, most live close coast, economy fishing/tourism dependent
  • Panama all 40 canoes damaged - NGO practical action help make new - 166 homes rebuilt
  • 2005 400 NGOs Sri Lanka
  • civil war = east 10% houses reconstructed 2005 90% South
  • gov buffer zone move away coast abandoned 2007
  • 70% fish catch restored 2006-9
  • Belgian Red Cross founded 495 houses reconstruction - local ownership
  • catastrophe draw down fund $102mn world bank
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Earthquake MEDC

A

Christchurch, New Zealand 2010-11

  • feb 2011 6.3 earthquake = 183 deaths (2010 sep = 7.1 no deaths)
  • liquefaction
  • damage = 20% GDP
  • search + rescue teams (UK, USA, Japan etc)
  • power restored 95% households 2 weeks
  • mains supply back 70% households week
  • Air New Zealand extra flights
  • Blueprint = recovery plan for 21st century city
  • 1/4 children below poverty line
  • 50% pop income £15000 year
  • large educational disparity
  • disaster capitalism - blueprint benefits big companies - wealth to few
  • demolished buildings could have repaired 20-30% cost new buildings in less time
  • plan build 35,000 dwellings (10000-20000 lost)
  • pop fallen 7000
  • heritage buildings demolished - 50% listed buildings lost, cathedral deteriorating
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Earthquake MEDC higher destruction

A

Kobe, Japan 1995

  • 7.2; 5:46am; Pacific ring of fire; focus 20km from Kobe (1.5mn pop)
  • soil liquefaction
  • industrial area Kobe severe damage (3-5% japans industry)
  • 6,434 died; over 30,000 injuries
  • 80% schools, museums, sports facilities destroyed
  • 200,000 buildings collapsed (wooden or 1960s)
  • 300+ fires; broken sewage pipes; 22% offices unusable
  • $200bn damage = 2.5% GDP
  • over 300,000 homeless
  • lost faith early warning systems (fault line previously unknown)
  • 68 mountainous areas needed support against landslides
  • unemployment rose, stock market declined
  • broken transport / communication lines = slow ineffective rescue
  • urban area high pop density hit
  • poor gov organisation
  • foreign doctors held airport no licenses Japan
  • after: gov improved disaster response policy, invest earthquake proof shelters, piping seismic resistant, emergency food/water supply network
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Earthquake Mitigation Protect - Aseismic design

A
  1. Torre Mayor Mexico City - shock absorbers, diagonal frames + 60m foundations
  2. Tokyo Sky Tree - tallest structure Japan w seismic proofing, central shaft made of reinforced concrete, central pillar attached to tower frame w oil dampers (cushions during earthquake thought to absorb 50% energy from earthquake)
  3. Quakewrap - inexpensive way reinforce concrete, adds layers carbon - Mckinley Tower, Alaska
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Earthquake Mitigation Predict - Gap Theory (past data/movement fault line)

A

Turkey

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Earthquake Mitigation Prepare

A
  1. ‘Duck Cover Hold’ - USA LA
  2. American Red Cross provides earthquake safety check-list
  3. Japan 1st Sep every year earthquake drill (anniversary Tokyo quake 1923 = 156,000 deaths)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Volcano Prediction

A
  • USGS successfully predicted eruption Mt Pinatubo 1991 ; unsuccessfully predicted eruption Mammoth Mountain Ski Area California = reduced visitors / economic distress
  • hard predict timescale: Mt Pinatubo erupted few weeks, Soufriere Hills Volcano Montserrat erupted 1997-2005; Mt Etna Sicily hundreds years
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Hotspot Volcano

A

Volcanoes of Hawaii

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Area live near volcanic activity

A

Iceland

  • created by volcanic activity
  • rich soils
  • tourism
  • ash fallout April 2010 from Eyjafjalljokull glacier = widespread disruption European aid travel - no deaths, large economic cost, trade impacted
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Hurricanes / Cyclones Prepare

A

USA

  • National Hurricane Awareness Week May encourages people to plan
  • Federal Emergency Management Agency gives advice for preparing
16
Q

Hurricanes / Cyclones Prediction

A
  • 2013 NOAA installed 2 supercomputers predict landfall 5 days advance within 400km
  • Hurricane warning centre, Florida “tracking cones” predict 7 days advance - 70% accuracy
  • 2013 cyclone Phillip predicted, 1.2mn ppl evacuated, death toll = 48 (1999 cyclone same area killed 100,000)
17
Q

Hurricane

A

Hurricane Katrina, New Orleans 2005 August

  • 225km/h, category 4
  • lingered = continued build not over fast
  • ocean rise 9m in places
  • New Orleans in Mississippi delta (delta sinking 1cm year - sea level rise threat = 2m higher 2100 - much delta less 1m asl) Gulf of Mexico = most city below sea level - hurricane flooded 80% city
  • over 1,800 killed
  • 204,000 homes damaged
  • over 800,000 homeless
  • cost US economy $80bn
  • rescue operation criticised
  • in 4 month hurricane season, land disappears 6,500-10,000 hectares year
  • office of coastal protection spending $1.5bn 4 Years wetland restoration, $14.3bn new levees + defences
  • $200bn to divert Mississippi to save deltas wetlands / settlements from sinking
18
Q

Cyclone

A

Cyclone Nargis

  • Burma May 2008 winds over 190km/h
  • torrential rain, 134,000 died
  • 95% buildings demolished cyclone + floods
  • 15 townships Irrawaddy Delta suffered worst - 7 of them lost 90-95% homes with 70% pop dead/ missing
  • disaster management experts failed get visas to enter country
  • Irrawaddy Delta low-lying home 7mn/53mn Burma - 2mn life land less 5m asl = vulnerable
19
Q

Drought

A 
Sahel
- 200-600mm rail annually
- famine, dust storms, resource conflict
Causes:
- Population growth 3% a year
- Deforestation
- Overgrazing (lost land: national parks, tourism and commercial farms)
- Temp. increase (droughts)
- Storms = water erosion
- USAID and Red Cross education projects on sustainability
- Eden Foundation and USAID drip irrigation
- stone walls and creosote bushes
- NGOs medical supplies in refugee camps
20
Q

Human Induced Hazard 2

A

Chernobyl, Ukraine 1986

  • uncontrolled reaction (reactor exploded) in Soviet Nuclear Plant blew roof off = cloud radioactive material
  • Radiation poured out 10 days
  • 200,000km2 contaminated (Ukraine, Belarus, Russia 71%; also N Europe
  • workers risked health to contain disaster
  • 31 immediate deaths, 4,000 projected
  • 50,000 residents evacuated = ghost town
  • 250,000+ moved to safety, 30km exclusion zone
  • Soviets tried to cover it up
21
Q

Human Induced Hazard 1

A

Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill, Gulf of Mexico

  • largest offshore spill US history
  • Deepwater Horizon drilling rig explosion = spill from sea floor oil gusher
  • April 2010
  • fires for 36 hours
  • coral reefs affected - blocked sunlight / chemical pollution
  • spill impossible to contain
  • oil gushed out 3 months, 4.9mn barrels, 30yrs to recover
  • 9 species dolphin at risk
  • Migrating birds (50,000 brown pelicans) use beaches rest stops = contamination risk
  • tourism + fishing damaged
  • anthracene levels x2 accepted (toxic)
  • cancer-forming carcinogens (human health risk)
  • 8 US national parks at risk; 400+ animal species; 1,200 fish species
  • 13 died, 17 injured
  • Nov 2012 11,000km2 Gulf closed
  • 20% bluefin tuna killed
  • Nov 2012 6,800+ animals dead
  • bioaccumulation / magnification e.g. whale sharks feed on plankton
  • Nov 2012 BP plead guilty
  • BP $4.525bn fines (ongoing)
  • BP 4yrs Gov monitoring safety practices + ethics + temp ban from new contracts w/US Gov
  • 675 US clams + oysters + 75% US shrimp normally produced risk contamination

Geography IB (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions