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NEURO > Cells and Tissue of the nervous system > Flashcards

Cells and Tissue of the nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

what comprises the central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

what comprises the peripheral nervous system

A

cranial and spinal nerves

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3
Q

what two divisions can the peripheral nervous system be further split into

A

sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent) divisions

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4
Q

what are the two types of nervous cells

A

neurons and glial cells

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5
Q

what are neurons

A

excitable cells - made up of a structural and functional unit - carry impulses as action potentials

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6
Q

what are glial cells

A

non-excitable supporting cells - much smaller than neurons

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7
Q

what is the structure of a typical neuron

A

multiple dendrites, one axon

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8
Q

what describes the travel of impulse transmission by action potential in a neuron

A

impulse travles in only one direction from cell body to synaptic terminal

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9
Q

what is the neuron nucleus made from

A

loose chromatin, prominent nucleolus

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10
Q

what cell organelles are contained within the cell body of a neuron

A

mitochondria, rEr, diffuse golgi apparatus

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11
Q

what are the different cytoplasms in the cell body and axon respectively

A

cell body - perikaryon

axon - axoplasm

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12
Q

what are the long term consequences of injury to the neuron

A

if the axon is damaged - can grow back

if cell body is damaged - damage is irreversible

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13
Q

what is the role of the myelin sheath

A

to increase conduction speed in axons

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14
Q

what 2 classes are axons divided into

A

myelinated or non-myelinated - depends on presence of the myelin sheath

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15
Q

what forms the myelin sheath in the CNS

A

oligodendrocytes

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16
Q

what forms the myelin sheath in the PNS

A

schwann cells

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17
Q

what are the gaps between myelin sheath called

A

nodes of ranvier

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18
Q

what is the result of patch loss/scarring of the myelin sheath

A

DEMYELINATION - nerve conduction across affected axons is abnormal

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19
Q

what are the causes of demyelination

A

causes unknown - ?viral, ?autoimmune

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20
Q

what are the three types of neurons

A

multipolar, bipolar, pseudopolar

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21
Q

what determines how axons are bundled together

A

determined by what information they carry

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22
Q

(in the CNS) what forms grey matter

A

DIFFUSE collection of cell bodies and NON-MYELINATED axons

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23
Q

(in the CNS) what forms nucleii

A

LOCALISED collection of cell bodies and NON-MYELINATED axons

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24
Q

(in the CNS) what forms white matter

A

DIFFUSE collection of MYELINATED axons

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25
Q

(in the CNS) what are tracts

A

bundles of MYELINATED axons carrying specific information within the white matter

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26
Q

(in the PNS) what forms nerves

A

MYELINATED axons

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27
Q

(in the PNS) what forms ganglia

A

cell bodies

28
Q

what are the 2 types of glial cells found in the PNS

A
  1. satellite cells

2. schwann cells

29
Q

what do satellite cells do

A

surround neuronal cells bodies

30
Q

what do schwann cells do

A

PNS myelination

31
Q

what are the 4 types of glial cells found in the CNS

A
  1. ependymal cells
  2. astrocytes
  3. oligoendrocytes
  4. microglia
32
Q

what do ependymal cells do

A

line ventricles

33
Q

what do astrocytes do

A

have endfeet, surround synapses and capillaries, help in K+ buffering

34
Q

what do oligodendrocytes do

A

CNS myelination

35
Q

what do microglial cells do

A

phagocytosis and scar tissue formation

36
Q

what are the 4 basic topographic areas of the brain

A
  1. cerebrum - seat of consciousness
  2. cerebellum - balance and coordination
  3. diencephalon
  4. brainstem - vital centres eg cardioresp, pathway for fibre tracts
37
Q

embryologically what forms the nervous system

A

the neural tube

38
Q

what happens to the neural tube once it is formed

A

week 4 - divides into 3 primary vesicles
week 5 - divides into 5 secondary vesicles
= these develop into the adult brain

39
Q

what are the three primary vesicles formed

A
  1. prosencephalon (FOREBRAIN)
  2. mesencephalon (MIDBRAIN)
  3. rhombencephalon (HINDBRAIN)
40
Q

what 2 secondary vesicles does the forebrain form

A

telencephalon and diencephalon

41
Q

what secondary vesicle does the midbrain form

A

doesnt change - still the mesencephalon

42
Q

what 2 secondary vesicles does the hindbrain form

A

metencephalon and myelencephalon

ultimately lead to the pons and medulla at the front - cerebellum at the back

43
Q

what does the cavity within the neural tube form in the adult brain

A

spaces called ventricles

44
Q

name the different ventricles

A

2 lateral ventricles (cavity in telencephalon), III ventricle (cavity in diencephalon), IV ventricle (cavity in hindbrain)

45
Q

what is contained within the ventricles

A

CSF

46
Q

what connects the III ventricle to the IV ventricle

A

cerebral aqueduct (cavity in the midbrain)

47
Q

what connects the lateral ventricles and the III ventricle

A

interventricular foramen

48
Q

what are the meninges

A

the coverings of the CNS

49
Q

what are the three layers of the meninges

A

dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

50
Q

what is the structure of the dura mater

A

tough, fibrous and has dural folds

51
Q

what is the structure of the pia mater

A

vascularised and dips into the folds of the brain

52
Q

what is the subdural space

A

potential space which is traversed by blood vessels penetrating the CNS

53
Q

what is the subarachnoid space

A

space filled with CSF

54
Q

what is CSF

A

cerebrospinal fluid - fluid inside the cavity the brain and central canal of spinal cord - between the pia and arachnoid

55
Q

what does the CSF help maintain

A

intracranial pressure

56
Q

where is the CSF formed

A

the choroid plexus in each ventricle

57
Q

where is CSF absorbed

A

by arachnoid villi into saggital sinus (venous channel in the brain)

58
Q

what are the 5 layers of the scalp

A
  1. skin
  2. subcutaneous tissue
  3. epicranial aponeurosis
  4. loose areolar tissue
  5. pericranium
59
Q

what is the blood brain barrier

A

a protective mechanism that helps maintain a stable environment for the brain - prevents harmful amino acids and ions present in the blood stream from entering - maintains HOMEOSTASIS in brain parenchyma

60
Q

where is the blood brain barrier not present

A

absent in a few “circumventricular” organs - parts of the hypothalamus and posterior pituitary

plays a major role in drug delivery to CNS (drugs have to be lipid soluble or use suitable vectors)

61
Q

SUMMARY: what two parts is the nervous system divided into

A

CNS

PNS

62
Q

SUMMARY: what are the cell types in the nervous system

A

neruons

glial cells

63
Q

SUMMARY: what are the components of neurones

A 
grey matter
white matter
nucleii
fibre tracts
ganglia
peripheral nerves
64
Q

SUMMARY: briefly what is the embryologically order or development

A

surface ectoderm
neural tube
vesicles

65
Q

SUMMARY: what are the ventricles

A

spaces in the brain containing CSF

66
Q

SUMMARY: where is the CSP secreted and where does it go

A

secreted by choroid plexus
enters subarachnoid space
absorbed by arachnoid villa

67
Q

SUMMARY: what is the role of the blood brain barrier

A

maintains homestasis in the brain parenchyma

NEURO (51 decks)

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