Repro and

Question 1

Mammary Tumors

Answer 1

 Dog is the domestic animal most affected

Question 2

Etiology of Mammary Tumors

Answer 2

Unknown
Hormones play a role in development
- risk increased w/ progesterone administration
- risk is increased if OHE is delayed

Question 3

General Characteristics of Mammary Tumors

Answer 3

• more than 50% of tumors are benign
• malignant tumors spread to LN’s, lung, bone
• most often affect the caudal mammary glands
• can affect 1 or more continuous glands
• appear as single or multiple nodules 1-25 cm in diameter

Question 4

Pseudopregnancy (False Pregnancy) and Etiology

Answer 4

 Affects intact female dogs

 Hormonal changes during estrous cycle

Question 5

Clinical Sign and Treatments of Pseudopregnancy (False Pregnancy)

Answer 5

-enlarged mammary glands, milk production, “mothering” behavior
Treatment -None- resolves spontaneously in 1-3 wks.

Question 6

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

Answer 6

 Disease of intact male dogs
 Hypertrophy of normal prostatic tissue
 Etiology -Androgenic hormone stimulation

Question 7

Clinical Findings of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

Answer 7

Most common in older intact males
Clinical signs
– tenesmus, dripping bloody fluid from the urethra, hematuria

Question 8

Diagnosis of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

Answer 8

	Clinical signs 
	Rectal palpation
	Radiographs
	Ultrasound
	Cytologic examination of prostatic fluid

Question 9

Treatment of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

Answer 9

Castration

Antiandrogen drugs

Question 10

Lipoma

Answer 10

• subcutaneous, soft, oval masses of varying size
• common on the body trunk and proximal limbs of older, obese females
• can be surgically removed

Question 11

Sebaceous gland tumors

Answer 11

• firm, elevated, cauliflower-like growths ranging from a few mm’s to several centimeters in diameter
• may be color of skin or pigmented, alopecic, oily, possibly ulcerated
• commonly observed on the body trunk, head, eyelids, limbs
• can be surgically removed

Question 12

Diabetes Mellitus

Answer 12

 Disease caused by the inability of body tissues to absorb glucose from circulating blood
 Common disease of dogs and cats

Question 13

Destruction of insulin producing cells (IDDM)

Answer 13

Destruction due to ?

• genetic factors
• chronic relapsing pancreatitis
• immune-mediated destruction
• accumulation of amyloid in islets of Langerhans
• virus infections

Question 14

Decreased tissue response to insulin (NIDDM)

Answer 14

• obesity

- prolonged glucocorticoid administration

Question 15

Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus

Answer 15

Parenteral insulin administration
–SID or BID
–regular, NPH (isophane), lente, ultralente, PZI
–insulin therapy must be tailored to each individual animal
-Diet w/ inc. complex carbohydrates and fiber
(or inc. protein/low carbohydrate in cats)
-Oral hypoglycemic drugs
-Weight loss (if NIDDM)

Question 16

Hypothyroidism

Answer 16

 Disease characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones
 Common disease in dogs

Question 17

Etiology of Hypothyroidism

Answer 17

• Destruction of thyroid hormone producing cells
  - Autoimmune lymphocytic thyroiditis
  - Idiopathic atrophy of thyroid gland

Question 18

Clinical Findings and Clinical signs of Hypothyroidism

Answer 18

Most common in 4-10 yr. old dogs, mid- to large-size
Clinical signs
-result of decreased metabolism
-affects all organ systems
-mental dullness, lethargy, exercise intolerance, weight gain, heat-seeking, nonpruritic alopecia (bilaterally symmetrical)

Question 19

Diagnosis and Treatment of Hypothyroidism

Answer 19

Clinical signs
CBC
Blood chemistry panel
Thyroid function tests
	Treatment - Administration of thyroid hormone replacement

Question 20

Hyperthyroidism

Answer 20

 Common disease of older cats

 Caused by excessive secretion of thyroid hormones

Question 21

Etiology of Hyperthyroidism

Answer 21

Tumor of the thyroid gland

- thyroid adenoma

Question 22

Clinical Findings and signs of Hyperthyroidism

Answer 22

Clinical Findings - Most common in middle-age to older cats
Clinical signs
-related to increased cellular metabolism
-weight loss, increased appetite, PU/PD, hyperexcitability, enlarged thyroid gland
-vomiting, diarrhea, tachycardia, panting

Question 23

Diagnosis and Treatment of Hyperthyroidism

Answer 23

 Diagnosis
Clinical signs
Increased thyroid hormone levels in blood
 Treatment
Surgery- thyroidectomy
Radiation therapy
Antithyroid drugs- methimazole (Tapazole)