The back Flashcards
what are the limits of the back?
the base of the skull and the superior iliac crest
how many curvatures do we see in the embryo and in the adult?
one in the embryo and 4 in the adult, two of which follow the same direction as the one of the embryo
why are the cervical and lumbar regions bend forwards?
to help distribute the weight along the central line of gravity
list the pathologies of the spine? Explain them.
kyphosis(is also called hunchback), scoliosis(curvature of the spinal process to the side, can be either idiopathic(cause unknown) this affects teen years, or congenital(present at birth)), lordosis(exaggerated lumbar curve, happens when muscles of the abdomen are not correct)
describe the parts of the vertebrae
body, neural arch, pedicles, lamina, transverse processes, superior/inferior articulate processes, spinous process
what are the traits of the cervical vertebrae?
posteriorly the spinous process is made of 2 parts where the neck muscles attach, the transverse process has a foramen transversum. Has vertebral foramen The ATLAS (1st bone) has no body, has 2 lateral masses where it articulates with the occipital bone. The AXES (2nd bone) has a tooth like projection.
detail the thoracic vertebrae
superior/inferior articulate process (form the zygapophysial joints), transverse process articulates with the tubercle of the rib and the head articulates with the superior and inferior demi facets,
detail the lumbar vertebrae?
they are v.large, have all the previous things and the mammillary process (for the attachment of the back muscles), starting from L5 the anterior part is taller than the posterior part because it has to angle into the sacral region,
detail the sacral vertebrae
anterior view: 5 vertebrae fused together, can see transverse ridges in between them, the upper most part is the sacral promontory, have anterior sacral foramina (4 on each side), the apex joins with he coccyx
posterior: 2 superior articular process’, the sacral canal through the middle, the ala (the edges points), auricular surface, lateral sacral crest, median sacral crest, sacral hiatus, the sacral cornu
what are the alar ligament, transverse ligament, apical ligament of dentis?
1- connect the sides of the dens (part of the axis) to tubercles on the medial part of the occipital condyle
2- is a thick band that arches across the ring of the atlas and keeps the odontoid process connected to the atlas
3- is between the axis and the skull
what are the boundaries of the intervertebral foramina?
vertebral bodies and intervertebral disk, notches on the articular facet, zygapophyseal joint
name the superficial muscles of the back
trapezius, latissimus dorsi, rhomboid major and minor, levitator scapulae. (ligamentum nuchae is here)
which nerve and which artery pass through the trapezius muscle?
the superficial branch of the transverse cervical artery and the accessory nerve XI
the origin of the trapezius is?
1- superior nuchal line, external occipital protuberance, ligamentum nuchae, spinous process of C7 and T12.
the blood supply of the trapezius is?
transverse cervical artery, acromial branch of the suprascapular artery, dorsal branches of posterior intercostal arteries
the origin of the latissimus dorsi is?
1- spinous process of TVII and LV and sacrum, iliac crest, ribs 10 to 12.
the insertion of the trapezius is?
2- lateral 1/3 of clavicle, acromion, spine of scapula.
the function of the trapezius is?
3- rotation of scapula during abduction of humerus above horizontal, upper fibers elevate, middle fibers adduct, lower fibers depress the scapula
the insertion of the latissimus dorsi is?
floor of the intertubercular sulcus of the humerus
the function of the latissimus dorsi is?
extends, adducts, medially rotates the humerus
