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Parasitology > Nematodes IV: Equine Strongyles > Flashcards

Nematodes IV: Equine Strongyles Flashcards

1
Q

What are the large strongyles?

A

Strongylus vulgaris
Strongylus equinus
Strongylus edentatus

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2
Q

What distinguishes Strongylus vulgaris?

A

Oval buccal capsule

Ear-shaped teeth at base

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3
Q

What is the life cycle of Strongylus vulgaris?

A 
Females lay eggs, eggs hatch
L1 emerges --> L2 --> L3
L3 exsheath in SI
---Enter submucosa of cecum/colon
---Enters walls of submucosal arterioles
L4 cecal and colic aa
---Cranial mesenteric artery
---Small arteries of intestinal wall
---Enter tissue (nodules)
Adults in nodules
---nodules rupture
---adults enter lumen of cecum/colon
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4
Q

What is the pathology associated with Strongylus vulgaris?

A 
Migrating larvae:
Arteritis
Thrombi
Emboli
Intestinal nodules

Adults:
Intestinal nodules
Promote granulation, scarring

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5
Q

What is the larval damage caused by Strongylus vulgaris?

A

Arteritis

Verminous arteritis

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6
Q

What is the pathology in the arterial system caused by Strongylus vulgaris?

A

Inflamed/thickened walls
Thromboemboli
Posterior aorta
—aneurysms of cranial mesenteric artery

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7
Q

What is Strongylus vulgaris acute syndrome?

A

Infarction and necrosis of intestine
Damage to smooth endothelial surfaces
Inflamed/thickened arterial walls
Thromboemboli

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8
Q

What distinguishes Strongylus equinus?

A

One large tooth and 2 smaller teeth

Dark red or black

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9
Q

What is the life cycle of Strongylus equinus?

A 
Females lay eggs, eggs hatch
L1 emerges --> L2 --> L3
---ensheathed in infective stage
L3 exsheaths in SI
---Migrate to cecum, colon
---Encapsulate in subserosal nodules
L4 enters peritoneal cavity
---Migrates to liver
---Migrates back to SI through abdominal cavity (pancreas)
---Forms nodules in gut wall
---Nodules rupture into cecum/colon
Adults: mature in cecum/colon
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10
Q

What is the pathology with Strongylus equinus mainly due to?

A

Larvae

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11
Q

What distinguishes Strongylus edentatus?

A

No teeth

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12
Q

What is the life cycle of Strongylus edentatus?

A

Females lay eggs, eggs hatch
L1 emerges –> L2 –> L3
—ensheathed in infective stage
L3 exsheaths in SI
—Migrate to cecum, colon
—R ventral colon; through gut wall, enter vessles
—Hepatic portal vein to liver; L3 wander in liver
L4: exit liver through hepatic ligamens
—Tissue under parietal peritoneum to right abd flank
Adults: via mesentery

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13
Q

What is the pathology with Strongyl edentatus mainly due to?

A

Larvae

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14
Q

What are specific signs for Strongylus vulgaris?

A 
High fever
Inappetence
Colic
---Gangrenous enteritis
---Intestinal stasis, torsion, or intussusception
---Possible rupture, arteritis
---Especially cranial mesenteric artery
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15
Q

How can you diagnose large strongyle type infections?

A

Fecal flotation

S. vulgaris: palpation of cranial mesenteric artery

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16
Q

What distinguishes small strongyles?

A

Cylindrical buccal cavity

2 leaf crowns

17
Q

What is the life cycle of small strongyles/cyathostomes?

A 
Females lay eggs, eggs hatch
L1 emerges --> L2 --> L3
---ensheathed in infective stage
L3 exsheaths in SI
---Migrate to cecum, colon
---Encyst in crypts of Lieberkuhn
---ALD
---Mucosa or submucosa or cecum/colon
L4: enter lumen of cecum/colon
Adults: mature in cecum/colon
18
Q

What is arrested larval development of cyathostomes?

A

Also known as hypobiosis
Exsheathed, encysted early L3s in intestinal mucosa
Used by the cyathostomes as a mechanism of controlling the numbers of adult worms in the gut

19
Q

What are cyathostomes the predominant contributor to?

A

Fecal egg count and pasture contamination

20
Q

What are disadvantages to fecal egg count?

A

It may not accurately reflect worm burden due to ALD

It may not reflect number of adult nematodes

21
Q

What is the pathology associated with small strongyles?

A

Mucosal edema with encysted cyathostome larvae

22
Q

What is the most pathological event with small strongyles?

A

L4s emerging from tissue

23
Q

How can you control large strongyles?

A

Pasture management :
Remove manure
Alternate grazing with ruminants
Avoid overcrowding and wet pastures

24
Q

What is the amount of large strongyle larvae on pasture compared to cyatostomes?

A

Only 10% large strongyles

90% cyathostomes

25
Q

What promotes resistance to treatment with strongyles?

A

Treating all animals routinely and often

26
Q

What is the key to controlling small stongyles?

A

Pasture management

Parasitology (27 decks)

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