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Parasitology > Trematodes I > Flashcards

Trematodes I Flashcards

1
Q

What are the life stages of trematodes?

A 
Adult
Egg
Miracidium
Sporocyst/Redia
Cercaria
Metacercaria (becomes adult)
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2
Q

Describe adult trematodes

A 
Found in the DH
Size varies
Pair of suckers (oral and ventral)
Monoecious (there are exceptions)
Egg laying stage
Hermaphroditic
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3
Q

Where does the miracidium emerge from the egg?

A

Operculum

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4
Q

What stage of trematodes emerges from mollusks?

A

Cercaria

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5
Q

What is the encysted stage of the trematode life cycle?

A

Metacercaria

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6
Q

What are metacercaria encysted in?

A

Environment or in an intermediate host

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7
Q

What is Fasciola hepatica?

A

Liver fluke
Liver rot
Fascioliasis

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8
Q

What is the DH of Fasciola hepatica?

A

Ruminants
Pigs
Horses
Wide range of mammalian wildlife

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9
Q

What is the IH of Fasciola hepatica?

A

Lymnaeid snails

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10
Q

What do Fasciola hepatica metacercariae encyst on?

A

Vegetation

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11
Q

What is the site of Faciola hepatica in DH?

A

Bile ducts, liver

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12
Q

What is the life cycle of Faciola hepatica?

A

Definitive host ingests metacercariae
Excyst in SI; juvenile fluke penetrates gut; abdominal cavoty to liver
Liver migration
To bile duct and matures to adult
Unembryonated eggs in bile to intestine; shed in feces to water in environment
Miracidia hatch in water
Penetrates lymnaeid snail, undergoes asexual reproduction
Cercariae emerge, attach to vegetation and encyst as metacercariae

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13
Q

What is the pathology associated with Fasciola hepatica immature flukes?

A

Hepatitis
Fibrotic tracts
Hemorrhage
Anemia

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14
Q

What is the pathology associated with Fasciola hepatica adults?

A 
Anemia
Proliferation of bile duct epithelium
Cholangitis
Necrosis of duct walls
Fibrosis
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15
Q

How does acute disease with Faciola hepatica occur?

A

Ingest large numbers of metacercariae

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16
Q

What is the subacute form of Fasciola hepatica?

A

Massive infections; accumulated infections over time

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17
Q

What is the chronic form of Fasciola hepatica?

A

Moderate infection

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18
Q

How do you diagnose Fasciola hepatica eggs?

A

Fecal sedimentation

Oval, operculated, yellow

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19
Q

Where are Fasciola hepatica juveniles found?

A

Liver parenchyma

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20
Q

Can Fasciola hepatica infect humans?

A

Yes, but it is rare

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21
Q

What is the DH of Fascioloides magna?

A

Primarily cervids (especially white tailed deer)

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22
Q

What is the site of Fascioloides magna in the DH?

A

Bile ducts, liver

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23
Q

What is the IH of Fascioloides magna?

A

Lymnaeid snails

24
Q

What is the site of Fascioloides magna metacercariae?

A

Vegetation

25
Q

What are the aberrant hosts of Fascioloides magna?

A

Sheep, goats

26
Q

What are the accidental/incidental/dead-end hosts for Fascioloides magna?

A 
Cattle
Pigs
Llamas
Horses
Moose
27
Q

What is the life cycle of Fascioloides magna?

A

DH ingests metacercariae
Excyst in SI; juvenile fluke migrates in abdominal cavity
To liver: extended migration
Matures to adults encysts in bile ducts (pairs)
Unembryonated eggs in bile to intestine, shed in feces to water in environment
Miracidia hatch in water
Penetrates lymnaeid snail; undergoes asexual reproduction
Cercariae emerge, attach to vegetation; form metacercariae

28
Q

What is the pathology of Fascioloides magna in cervids?

A

Flukes in thin-walled cysts

Eggs leave cysts by channels to bile duct

29
Q

What is the pathology of Fascioloides magna in accidental hosts?

A

Unapparent
Closed cysts
No trematode ova in feces
Liver condemned

30
Q

What is the pathology of Fascioloides magna in aberrant hosts?

A

Uninterrupted migration
No cysts, adults or eggs
Highly pathogenic, traumatic hepatitis

31
Q

What are the methods of diagnosing Fascioloides magna?

A

Eggs detected by sedimentation

Adults encysted in liver

32
Q

How is Fascioloides magna diagnosed in cattle?

A

Usually encapsulated

Dead or empty calcified capsules

33
Q

How is Fascioloides magna diagnosed in sheep and goats?

A

Adults not present

Severe liver damage

34
Q

What is the DH of rumen flukes- Paramphistomidae?

A

Cattle, goats, sheep

35
Q

What is the site of rumen flukes- paramphistomidae?

A

Rumen and reticulum

36
Q

What is the IH of Paraphistomum?

A

Aquatic snail

37
Q

Is Paraphistomum pathogenic?

A

Not usually, but it is more pathogenic in young

38
Q

Where is the metacercariae of Paraphistomum?

A

Vegetation

39
Q

What is the life cycle of Paraphistomum?

A

DH ingests metacercariae
Excysts in upper SI
Juveniles migrate to abomasum to reticulum to rumen
Matures to adults in rumen
Unembryonated eggs passed in feces
Miracidia hatch; penetrate aquatic snail; asexual reproduction occurs
Cercariae released
Cercariae encyts; form metacercariae on vegetation

40
Q

How are Paraphistomum adults diagnosed?

A

In rumen/reticulum

Usually incidental finding at necropsy

41
Q

How are Paraphistomum eggs diagnosed?

A

Sedimentation

42
Q

What is Dicrocoelium dendriticum?

A

Lancet fluke

Little liver fluke

43
Q

What is the DH of Dicrocoelium dendriticum?

A

Sheep, cattle, goats

44
Q

What are the primary sites of Dicrocoelium dendriticum in the DH?

A

Liver
Gall bladder
Bile ducts

45
Q

What is the 1st IH of Dicrocoelium dendriticum?

A

Land snail

46
Q

What is the 2nd IH of Dicrocoelium dendiriticum?

A

Metacercariae in ants

47
Q

What is the life cycle of Dirocoelium dendiriticum?

A

DH ingests ant with metacercariae
Excyst in SI; juvenile fluke migrate through common bile duct to bile ducts and liver
Adults in bile ducts, liver, gallbladder
Embryonated eggs in feces
Eggs ingested by land snail
Miracidia hatches from egg in snail; asexual reproduction occurs
Cercariae released in slime ball
Ants ingest slime ball with cercariae
Metacercariae form in abdomen/brain affect behavior

48
Q

How do you diagnose Dicrocoelium dendriticum eggs?

A

Fecal sedimentation

49
Q

Can Dicrocoelium dendriticum infect humans?

A

Yes, but it is rare

Accidental ingestion of ant

50
Q

What is the DH of Platynosomum spp?

A

Domestic/wild cats

51
Q

What is the 1st IH of Platynosomum spp?

A

Land snail

52
Q

What is the 2 IH of Platynosomum spp?

A

Isopods (pill bugs), woodlice, cockroaches

53
Q

What are the 3rd IH/paratenic host of Platynosomum spp?

A

Lizards, toads, geckos (swallow pill bug)

54
Q

What is the life cycle of Platynosomum spp?

A

Cats ingests infected lizard/amphibian with metacercariae
Excyst and move up SI to common bile duct to bile ducts to gallbladder
Adults in cat bile and pancreatic ducts, gallbaldder
Embryonated eggs in feces
Land snail ingests eggs with miracidia; asexual reproduction, cercaria develop
Cercariae are shed in sporocysts
Sporocysts with cercariae ingested by isopods; metacercariae form
Lizard/amphibian ingests isopod with metacercariae

55
Q

What is the pathology associated with Platynosomum spp?

A

Cumulative infections
“Lizard poisoning”
Proliferative cholangitis
Cirrhosis

56
Q

How are Platynosomum spp eggs diagnosed?

A

Fecal sedimentation

57
Q

How are Platynosomum spp adults diagnosed?

A

Ultrasound
Liver biopsy
Necropsy

Parasitology (27 decks)

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