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GOPH 375 > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

A viscous fluid

A
  • resists flow
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2
Q

viscosity

A
  • controls whether magma flows away or piles up
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3
Q

volatiles

A
  • controls the explosively of an eruption
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4
Q

volume

A
  • controls the intensity of an eruption
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5
Q

Identify the correct characteristics describing Strombolian-type eruptions

A
  • strombolian-type eruptions are typically intermittent

- Strombolian-type eruptions are not strong enough to destroy scoria cones

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6
Q

A _____ is a large volcanic depression formed by roof collapse into a partially emptied magma reservoir

A
  • caldera
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7
Q

Plinian-type eruptions are characterized by ____

A
  • the generation of a sustained gas-powered eruption column that carries pyroclastic material high into the atmosphere
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8
Q

The two most abundant elements of the Earth’s crust are ____ and _____.

A
  • oxygen and silicon
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9
Q

Typical eruption sequence

A
  • gas rich materials blast out during a Vulcanian eruption
  • longer-lasting, gas-driven pinion eruption generates a sustained eruption column.
  • gas-poor, high viscosity magma oozes out of form a lava dome.
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10
Q

three ways in which rock may melt

A
  • addition of water
  • increasing the temperature
  • lowering the pressure
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11
Q

shield volcano

A
  • low viscosity, low volatiles, large volumes
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12
Q

scoria cone

A
  • low/medium viscosity, medium/high volatiles, small volume
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13
Q

stratovolcano

A
  • medium/high viscosity, medium/high volatiles, large volume
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14
Q

lava dome

A
  • high viscosity, low volatiles, small volume
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15
Q

What do you call a relatively small volcano constructed of pyroclastic debris piled around a central vent?

A
  • scoria cone
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16
Q

Which of the following are common features of Hawaiian-type eruptions?

A
  • lava flows
  • lava fountains along fissures
  • buildup of a low cone with fountain eruptions
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17
Q

Which of these descriptions best describes a Vulcanian eruption?

A
  • a sustained eruption column of hot gases and pyroclastic material that climbes to several kilometres in the atmosphere.
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18
Q

Characteristics describing strombolian-type eruptions

A
  • strombolian-type eruptions are not strong enough to destroy scoria cones
  • Strombolian-type eruptions are typically intermittent
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19
Q

Which of the following is a feature created by explosive volcanism?

A
  • lava dome
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20
Q

The “three v’s” of volcanology are ___, _____, and ____.

A
  • viscosity, volatile, volume
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21
Q

Rank the following volcanic rocks in order of increasing viscosity: basalt, rhyolite, andesite

A

1) basalt
2) andesite
3) rhyolite

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22
Q

____ melting occurs when mantle rocks rise upward and experience lower pressure.

A
  • decompression melting
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23
Q

Which type of volcanic eruptions create stratovolcanoes?

A
  • Vulcanian and plinian eruptions
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24
Q

Another name for a stratovolcano is a ____.

A
  • composite volcano
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25
Q

Which plate tectonic settings are associated with volcanic activity?

A
  • subduction zones

- continental rifts

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26
Q

A huge eruption of large volumes of viscous magma that generates high ash columns and widespread sheets of outward-flowing ash and pumice is called a ____ eruption.

A
  • ultra-plinian
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27
Q

What is the main driving force of explosive volcanic eruptions?

A
  • volcanic gases coming out of magma
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28
Q

A typical shield volcano is composed primarily of ____.

A
  • solidified basalt lava flows
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29
Q

A ____ is a large volcanic depression formed by roof collapse into partially emptied magma reservoir

A
  • caldera
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30
Q

A volcano that has not erupted for a long time but is not extinct is referred to as being _____, which means sleeping.

A
  • dormant
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31
Q

Ninety per cent of volcanism is associated with ____.

A
  • plate boundaries
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32
Q

What is the main difference between Icelandic-type and Hawaiian type volcanic eruptions?

A
  • volume of magma
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33
Q

What distinguishes a caldera from a crater?

A
  • greater than 2 km in diameter

- formed by inward collapse

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34
Q

What is the eruptive sequence of a resurgent caldera? (in chronological order)

A

1) rising magma causes a bulge on the Earth’s surface
2) ultra-plinian volcanic eruption
3) caldera collapse
4) formation of a resurgent dome

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35
Q

What features are common of Hawaiian-type eruptions?

A
  • lava flows
  • buildup of a low cone with fountain eruptions
  • lava fountains along fissures
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36
Q

What do you call a relatively small volcano constructed of pyroclastic debris piled around a central vent?

A
  • scoria cone
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37
Q

Which landform is most often associated with Hawaiian-type eruptions?

A
  • shield volcano
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38
Q

Eruptive sequence of a resurgent caldera

A
  • rising magma causes a bulge on the Earth’s surface
  • ultra-plinian volcanic eruption
  • caldera collapse
  • formation of a resurgent dome
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39
Q

Which landform is most often associated with Icelandic-type eruptions?

A
  • lava plateau
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40
Q

Which of the following best describes a stratovolcano?

A
  • a large volcano composed of alternating layers of pyroclastic fragments and solidified lava flows
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41
Q

Which of the following best describes a cinder cone?

A
  • a relatively small cone constructed of pyroclastic debris piled up next to a central vent
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42
Q

Which of these eruption styles are most closely associated with stratovolcanoes?

A
  • Vulcanian

- plinian

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43
Q

What is obsidian?

A
  • a volcanic glass
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44
Q

Another name for a stratovolcano is a ____

A
  • composite volcano
45
Q

What best describes the nature of magma that forms a lava dome?

A
  • high viscosity

- low volatiles

46
Q

A new mass of rising magma that bows up the caldera floor following a caldera eruption is called a _____.

A
  • resurgent dome
47
Q

Characteristic of pahoehoe lava flows

A
  • they form in fluid lava
48
Q

In what way do lava domes present hazards?

A
  • gravity-driven landslides can be generated from the steep slopes of lava domes
  • lava domes can plug a volcanic vent, allowing pressure to build, which leads to a violent eruption.
49
Q

What increased the risk posed by Vesuvius?

A
  • a large number of people live close to the volcano
50
Q

What drives melting at subduction zones?

A
  • release of water into the mantle, lowering its melting temperature.
51
Q

More tha 80% of Earth’s magma is erupted at ____.

A
  • spreading centres
52
Q

The basalt flows that compose a shield volcano typically _____, which results in great slopes.

A
  • flow for a long distance, firming thin flows.
53
Q

Why is volcanism not generally associated with transform faults?

A
  • mantle material is neither rising nor sinking at transform boundaries; the plates are simply sliding past each other.
54
Q

What type of lava flow is most likely to exhibit flow wrinkles at the surface?

A
  • pahoehoe
55
Q

What do you call a relatively small volcano constructed of pyroclastic debris piled around a central vent?

A
  • scoria cone
56
Q

Why does melting occur at spreading centres?

A
  • pressure decreases as mantle material rises upward
57
Q

Tall, conical volcanoes are associated with what type of plate boundary?

A
  • subduction zones
58
Q

Identify the type of the 79 BC eruption of Vesuvius

A
  • plinian eruption
59
Q

In what way do lava domes present hazards?

A
  • gravity-driven landslides can be generated fro the steep slopes of lava domes
  • lava domes can plug a volcanic vent, allowing pressure to build, which leads to a violent eruption
60
Q

What is the main hazard associated with Hawaiian volcanism?

A
  • destruction of property and infrastructure by lava flows
61
Q

The caldera-forming eruption of ____ in 1628 BCE is believed to have led to the collapse of the Minoan civilization

A
  • santorini
62
Q

Flood basalts

A
  • vast outpourings of basaltic lava from fissures that do not build a central volcano
63
Q

Example of a giant continental caldera

A
  • yellowstone
64
Q

The most explosive and dangerous volcanoes are generally found at _____.

A
  • subduction zones
65
Q

The people who remained at Pompeii during the eruption of Vesuvius in 79 CE were killed by

A
  • ash and pumice that fell on the town
66
Q

Example of a shield volcano

A
  • Mauna Loa, Hawaii
67
Q

Where do plutonic and volcanic rocks form?

A
  • plutonic rocks form in the subsurface and volcanic rocks form on the Earth’s surface
68
Q

Magma at deep depths does not contain

A
  • gas bubbles
69
Q

The Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) takes into account the following factors:

A
  • duration of the major eruptive blast
  • height of eruption column
  • volume of material extruded
70
Q

Why do volcanic bombs often exhibit an aerodynamic shape?

A
  • they solidified while airborne
71
Q

Example of a scoria cone

A
  • Paricutin, Mexico
72
Q

The spectacular spine that formed on ____ in the Carribbean, after its deadly 1902 eruption, is an example of a lava dome.

A
  • Mount Pelee
73
Q

When magma reaches the Earth’s surface, it becomes

A
  • lava
74
Q

People near the sea during the 79 CE eruption of Vesuvius were mostly killed by ____.

A
  • pyroclastic flows
75
Q

Examples of stratovolcanoes

A
  • Mount Kilimanjaro, Tanzania
  • Mount Fuji, Japan
  • Mount Rainier, Washington
  • Mount Shasta, California
76
Q

aa

A
  • a lava flow with a rough, blocky surface
77
Q

active volcano

A
  • a volcano currently erupting or that has erupted in historical times; for example, Kilauea, Hawaii; Krakatu, Indonesia
78
Q

andesite

A
  • a volcanic rock named for the Andes Mountains in South America
  • it is intermediate in composition between basalt and rhyolite, and commonly results from melting or continental rock in basaltic magma
79
Q

basalt

A
  • a dark, finely crystalline volcanic rock typical of low viscosity oceanic lavas
80
Q

BCE

A
  • before common era
81
Q

caldera

A
  • a large (over two kilometres in diameter), basin-shaped volcanic depression, roughly circular in map view, that forms by a piston-like collapse of rock into a partially evacuated magma chamber
82
Q

crystallization

A
  • the growth of minerals in a fluid such as magma
83
Q

crater

A
  • an abrupt basin commonly rimmed by ejected material
  • in volcanoes, craters form by outward explosion, are commonly less than two kilometres in diameter, and occur at the summit of a volcanic cone
84
Q

decompression melting

A
  • the most common process of creating magma

- melting occurs by reducing pressure on hot rock

85
Q

dormant volcanoes

A
  • volcanoes that have erupted during the last several thousand years but have been quiet in historical times; for example, Mount Meager, British Columbia.
86
Q

extinct volcano

A
  • a volcano that has not erupted during the last several thousand years and is not expected to erupt again; for example, Kilimanjaro, Tanzania
87
Q

fissures

A
  • narrow cracks in rock
88
Q

flood basalts

A
  • tremendous outpouring of basaltic lava that formed tick, extensive plateaus in the geologic past
89
Q

lahars

A

-mudflows composed of unconsolidated volcanic debris and water

90
Q

lava

A
  • magma that flows on the Earth’s surface
91
Q

lava dome

A
  • a mountain or hill made from highly viscous lava, which has plugged the central conduct of a volcano
92
Q

magma

A
  • molten rock material

- it solidifies on the Earth’s surface as volcanic rock and at depth as plutonic rock

93
Q

mineral

A
  • a naturally formed, solid inorganic material with characteristic chemic composition and physical properties that reflect an internally ordered atomic structure
94
Q

obsidian

A
  • dark volcanic glass
95
Q

plinian eruption

A
  • a type of volcanic eruption where an immense column of pyroclastic debris and gases is blown vertically to great heights
96
Q

plutonic rocks

A
  • rocks formed by the solidification of magma deep below the surface
97
Q

pumice

A
  • volcanic glass so full of holes that it commonly floats on water
98
Q

pyroclastic

A
  • pertaining to magma and volcanic rock blasted up into the air
99
Q

pyroclastic flows

A
  • high temperature, fast-moving clouds of fine volcanic debris, steam, and other gases; also called anuee ardente
100
Q

resurgent caldera

A
  • a large topographic depression formed by a piston-like collapse of rock into a magma chamber with a later central uplift of the caldera floor
101
Q

resurgent domes

A
  • the uplifted floors and masses of magma in the centres of large volcanic calderas
102
Q

rhyolite

A
  • a volcanic rock formed from high viscosity magma and typical of the continents
103
Q

scoria cones

A
  • small cone or horseshoe shaped hills made of pyroclastic debris from Hawaiian or Strombolian type eruptions
  • they commonly occur in groups
104
Q

shield volcanoes

A
  • very wide volcanoes built of low viscosity lava
105
Q

stratovolcanoes

A
  • volcanoes constructed of alternating layers of pyroclastic debris and lava flows; also called composite volcanoes
106
Q

ultra-plinian

A
  • a type of volcanic eruption characterized by exceptionally large outpourings of pyroclastic material in high eruption columns and voluminous ash-flow sheets that cover wide areas
107
Q

volatiles

A
  • substances that readily become gases when pressure is decreased, or temperature increased
108
Q

volcanic rocks

A
  • rocks formed by solidification of magma at the Earth’s surface

GOPH 375 (12 decks)

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