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GOPH 375 > Chapter 13 > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Flashcards

1
Q

block slide

A
  • the mass remains basically coherent
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2
Q

debris slide

A
  • the sliding mass disintegrates
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3
Q

lateral spreading

A
  • the underlying material files and flows, causing the overlying coherent material to break apart
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4
Q

What do you call the process of removing loose rock to prevent rock falls?

A
  • scaling
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5
Q

____ avalanches occur when snow layers develop. _____ avalanches occur when loose, powdery snow accumulates.

A
  • slab

- loose powder

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6
Q

Which construction-related activities can trigger mass movements?

A
  • tunnelling
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7
Q

The downward movement of the ground surface due to compaction or cave collapse is called _____.

A
  • subsidence
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8
Q

What do you call a single mass movement which exhibits characteristics of flows, falls, and slides?

A
  • complex event
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9
Q

Which of the following are used to classify different types of mass movement?

A
  • speed movement

- water content

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10
Q

The law of ______ states that two bodies are attracted to each other with a force directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.

A
  • gravity
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11
Q

Which of these ask an example of water acting as an external factor in decreased slope stability?

A
  • rain runoff
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12
Q

Which of the following are external processes that increase the odds of a slope failure?

A
  • addition of mass high on a slope
  • slope steepening
  • rain runoff
  • removal of lower slope support
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13
Q

Which of the following factors contribute to the weakness of quick clays?

A
  • low salt content
  • water content above 505
  • very fine grained
  • weak structure
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14
Q

Clay minerals are typically formed through the process off ____.

A
  • chemical weathering
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15
Q

A clay that loses nearly all of its shear strength after being disturbed is called a ____ clay.

A
  • sensitive
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16
Q

Both snow and earth material start moving in the starting zone where ____.

A
  • slopes are the steepest
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17
Q

Adding buttresses to provide extra support is an effective mitigation strategy in the following cases:

A
  • crumbly rock

- overhanging rock

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18
Q

Underlying ____, such as structural weaknesses, will push a slope to the bring of failure. It takes a ____, such as an earthquake, to make the slope fail.

A
  • causes

- trigger

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19
Q

When engineers cut into the base of a slope to make way for new road, this is an example of a(n) ____ process that increases the likelihood of a slope failure.

A
  • external
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20
Q

The two types of slides are ____ slides, which occur on curved slip surfaces, and ___ slides, which occur on planar surfaces.

A
  • rotational

- translational

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21
Q

Which of the following are types of flow?

A
  • mudflow
  • debrisflow
  • debris avalanche
  • creep
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22
Q

Building sturdy snow sheds built over sections of road vulnerable to avalanches is an example of which mitigation strategy?

A
  • protect against the hazard
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23
Q

The conditions of ra slab avalanche occur when ____.

A
  • a warm, dense layer of snow sits on a cold, low-density layer
  • a layer of heavily cemented snow sits on top of loose snow
  • two layers of snow are separated by a melt-freeze crust
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24
Q

Which of the following are hardware components designed to reinforce the body of a slide?

A
  • rock bolt

- cylinder pile

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25
Q

You run the greatest risk of getting caught in an avalanche when you ski or snowboard ___.

A
  • in backcountry areas
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26
Q

What is the slowest but most widespread form of slope failure?

A
  • creep
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27
Q

Why do the Canadian Prairies have a high landslide susceptibility index?

A
  • there are loose sediments at the surface of the ground
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28
Q

During a slab avalanche, the sliding slabs will typically break up, transforming the movement from a slide into a ____.

A
  • flow
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29
Q

What kind of mass movement is caused by the liquefaction of sensitive clays?

A
  • lateral spread
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30
Q

What type of mass movements are associated with downward and outward movement?

A
  • slides

- flows

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31
Q

The rupture surface of a rotational slide is _____.

A
  • concave facing upwards
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32
Q

Which of the following are considered to be internal causes of slope failure?

A
  • pore water
  • decreasing cohesion
  • weak rock
  • adverse geologic structures
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33
Q

In what type of snow do loose-powder avalanches typically occur?

A
  • low-cohesion snow
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34
Q

Snow avalanches can be compared to landslides. Loose powder avalanches move like a ___, and slab avalanches move like a _____.

A
  • flow

- slide

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35
Q

A flow is distinguished from a slide in that ____.

A
  • the material in a slide remain relatively intact, whereas the material in a flow moves as a viscous fluid.
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36
Q

When water flows through rocks, it can physically erode loose material to form a network of caverns. This process is known as _____.

A
  • piping
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37
Q

The inherent weaknesses of the materials making up a hillside are collectively thought of as ____ factors controlling slope stability.

A
  • internal
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38
Q

Water that is found within pore space and fractures in rocks is called ____.

A
  • groundwater
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39
Q

What idk the distinctive shape of loose-powder avalanches?

A
  • inverted “V” shape
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40
Q

A _____ is a type of mass movement in which the descending mass remains relatively intact and moves along a curved slip surface.

A
  • rotational slide
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41
Q

______ is the tendency of a body to remain at rest until an external force is applied.

A
  • inertia
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42
Q

Which of these hypotheses proposed to example how long-run out sturzstroms move so far and fast?

A
  • frictional heating within the flow melts some materials
  • steam fluidizes the material
  • air trapped under the flow acts as a lubricant
  • high water content fluidizes the material
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43
Q

Which of the following are factors that can increase the likelihood of a snow avalanche?

A
  • steep slope

- thick accumulation of snow

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44
Q

Which of the following are suggested solutions to the sinking of Venice?

A
  • inflate sands underlying the city by injecting carbon dioxide or seawater
  • bring in sediment to raise the ground level
  • construct moveable floodgates
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45
Q

Which of the following localities experienced a lateral spread?

A
  • Rissa, Norway
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46
Q

Why does the ground surface of a slope move up and down?

A
  • the soil is constantly swelling and shrinking
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47
Q

The surface that separates the saturated zone (where all void spaces are filled with groundwater) from the unsaturated zone (where void spaces hold both water and air) is called the ____ _____.

A
  • water table
48
Q

Slow subsidence of the land surface occurs when _____.

A
  • water or oil are pumped from below the ground
49
Q

Subsidence in Mexico City is caused by ____.

A
  • removal of ground water from below the city.
50
Q

When sand grains become supersaturated with pressurized water, the water can push the grains apart, leaving them with no strength. When this water-pressurized sand forms on a flat surface or in a depression, it becomes ____ .

A
  • quicksand
51
Q

Where did Leda clays initially form?

A
  • they deposited in a marine environment
52
Q

What factors are hypothesized to have contributed to the 1903 Frank Slide?

A
  • mining operations
53
Q

Which of the following could provide the initial energy that allows a mass of earth or rock to overcome inertia and friction and begin moving downslope?

A
  • heavy rain, earthquake, a bulldozer
54
Q

What type of mass movement is responsible for the formation of talus slopes?

A
  • falls
55
Q

When a rotational slide occurs, the head of the slide will typically ____.

A
  • move downward and rotate backwater
56
Q

Water can weaken a rock by ____ minerals that form the rock’s cement.

A
  • dissolving
57
Q

What type of mass movements are associated with Leda clays?

A
  • lateral spreads
58
Q

What triggers most avalanches?

A
  • natural accumulation of snow during or shorty after a snow storm
59
Q

Overpressurized for water in a pile of sediments can cause slope failure because ____.

A
  • the water will start to move upward, lifting the sediments with it
60
Q

Why is the popular hypothesis of sturzstroms riding on a cusion of air thought to be unlikely?

A
  • similar events occur not he moon and mars, where Eno or very little air is available
61
Q

A 100kg boulder rests upon a 40 degree slope. What is the component of the gravitational force perpendicular to the slope acting on the boulder?

A
  • 751N
62
Q

Sedimentary rocks often have porosities of up to 30%. When the pore spaces are filled with ____, the downward force on the slope increases, which can lead to slope failure.

A
  • water
63
Q

Which type of snow is cohesive?

A
  • wet snow

- aging snow

64
Q

the St.Jean-Vianney spread occurred ____.

A
  • in an area where a previous lateral spread had occurred
65
Q

What criterion is used to rank snow avalanches?

A
  • mass of snow displaced
66
Q

The Cap-Aux-Diamants cliff in Quebec City is prone to rock falls because of ____.

A
  • the presence of vertical crevices in the rock
67
Q

Before a boulder or mass of debris can move downhill, the effects of ___ must be overcome.

A
  • inertia and friction
68
Q

Which of the following would be indicators that creep is occurring on a hill slope?

A
  • bedrock layers deformed downslope
  • telephone poles leaning downslope
  • bent tree trunks
69
Q

A 100kg boulder rests upon a 40 degree slope. What is the driving force acting on the boulder?

A
  • 630N
70
Q

When pressure is applied to a pile of sediments, the grains will pack together more tightly, taking up less volume. Water, however, simply stores the pressure. Why is this?

A
  • water is nearly incompressible
71
Q

What is the smallest size of avalanches called?

A
  • sluff
72
Q

What do you call the mechanical disintegration of rock by repeated freeze-thaw cycles?

A
  • congelifraction
73
Q

What do you call the mass movement caused by the thawing of the top layer of permafrost?

A
  • gelifluction
74
Q

An important clue to how a sturzstroms can travel so fast and far come from the Elm event in Switzerland. It was observed that chunks of debris ____.

A
  • maintained their relative positions instead of becoming jumbled by the flow.
75
Q

Following the deadly 1910 avalanche, how has the risk of snow avalanches in Rogers Pass been mitigated?

A
  • a tunnel has been built to avoid the part of the pass the most prone to avalanches
76
Q

What is the working principle of the avalanche flotation bag system?

A
  • the bag inflates and helps the user to stay near the snow surface
77
Q

What type of mass movement is the 1903 Frank slide?

A
  • debris avalanche
78
Q

What should you do if you are caught in a rip current?

A
  • swim parallel to the shoreline
79
Q

Most mass-movement fatalities are caused by events that

A
  • are fast moving
80
Q

Which of these are examples of pre-existing geologic conditions that can cause a slope to be weak?

A
  • ancient slide surfaces
  • a clay layer parallel to the slope surface
  • daylight bedding
  • a fault surface
81
Q

acoustic fluidization

A
  • a theorized process where sound waves trapped inside a dry, fallen mass lessen internal friction to enable fluid-like flow.
82
Q

bedrock

A
  • solid rock lying beneath loose soil or unconsolidated sediment
83
Q

carbonic acid

A
  • a common but weak acid (H2C03) formed by carbon dioxide (CO2) dissolving in water (H2O).
84
Q

chemical weathering

A
  • the decomposition of rock sunder attack of base or acid-laden waters
85
Q

Clay minerals

A
  • very small (under 0.0039o mm in diameter) minerals with sheet or book-like internal crystalline structure. Many varieties absorb water or ions into their structure, causing swelling.
86
Q

cohesion

A
  • a property of sediments where particles stick together
87
Q

congelifraction

A
  • the mechanical disintegration of rock due to the pressure exerted by the freezing of water contained in pores, fractures, and/or bedding planes
88
Q

creep

A
  • the low, gradual, more or less continuous movement of ice and soil under gravity
89
Q

debris flow

A
  • loose sediment plus water that is pulled downslope directly by gravity
90
Q

falls

A
  • mass movements where the bodies move downward nearly vertically under the influence of gravity
91
Q

flows

A
  • mass movements were the moving bodies of material behave like a fluid
92
Q

friction

A
  • the resistance to motion of two bodies in contact
93
Q

groundwater

A
  • the volume of water that has soaked the subsurface, filling fractures with other pores
94
Q

lateral spread

A
  • a translational slide in which a subsurface layer behaves like a fluid, causing the overlying material to move down gentle slopes
95
Q

limestone

A
  • a sedimentary rock composed mostly of calcium carbonate (CaCO3), usually precipitated form warm saline water. Limestone on continents may later be dissolved by acidic groundwater to form caves
96
Q

mass movements

A
  • the large-scale transfers of materials downslope under the pull of gravity
97
Q

permafrost

A
  • soil or rock that remains frozen throughout the year
98
Q

pore-water pressures

A
  • pressure buildups in groundwater that offset part of the weight of overlying rock masses
99
Q

porosity

A
  • the percentage of voice space in a rock or sediment
100
Q

retrogressive sliding

A
  • sliding in which the rupture extends in the direction opposite to the movement of the displaced material
101
Q

rotational slides

A
  • downward-and-outward movements of masses on top of concave-upward failure surfaces; also called slumps
102
Q

sensitive clays

A
  • clays that can suddenly lose strength and liquefy when disturbed
103
Q

sinkholes

A

-circular depressions on the surface created where acidic water has dissolved limestone

104
Q

slate

A

-mud changed to hard rock by the high temperatures and pressures of metamorphism

105
Q

slides

A
  • mass movements where the bodies of material move on top of failure surfaces
106
Q

sluff

A
  • a small avalanche usually made up of loose snow
107
Q

slumps

A

-downward-and-outward movements of masses on top of concave-upward failure surfaces; also called rotational slides.

108
Q

snowpack

A
  • a column of snow and ice on the ground, including both the new snow and the previous snow and ice that has not melted
109
Q

soil

A
  • the surface layers of sediment, organic matter, and mineral particles.
110
Q

sturzstroms

A
  • long-runout flows of huge masses of earth materials at great speeds
111
Q

subsides

A
  • mass movements wehre the materials sink slowly or catastrophically
112
Q

talus slopes

A
  • large piles of boulders that accumulate at the foot of cliffs
113
Q

topple

A
  • a mass movement where the body pivots forward from its base as if it were top heavy
114
Q

translational slides

A
  • downward movement of masses on top of inclined planar surfaces
115
Q

water table

A
  • the upper surface of the groundwater body. It is nearer the surface during heavy rain intervals and deeper below the surface during droughts.

GOPH 375 (12 decks)

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