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Exam 4-DWB > Immune system > Flashcards

Immune system Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 components of the immune system?

A
  1. anatomic defenses
  2. innate {natural} immunity
  3. acquired {adaptive immunity
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2
Q

Anatomic defenses include

A
  1. skin
  2. mucous membranes
  3. mucous blanket
  4. ciliated cells
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3
Q

innate {natrual} immunity what is needed

A

nothing/doesn’t require a previous infection

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4
Q

Acquired {adaptive} immunity needs what to respond

A

vaccination or history with an antigen

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5
Q

When is the Innate {natural} immunity present

A

from birth and remains throughout life

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6
Q

The innate {natural} immunity is composed of what

A
  1. PMNs
  2. phagocytic cells
  3. complements
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7
Q

When is Acquired {adaptive} immunity present

A

builds with age and begins with exposure

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8
Q

The acquired {adaptive} immunity is composed of what

A
  1. T cells
  2. B lymphocytes
  3. natural killer cells
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9
Q

B cells are from what area in the body

A

the bone

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10
Q

B cells are what type of immunoglobulins

A

antigen-specific

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11
Q

What are the different types of B cell immunoglobulins

A
  1. IgM
  2. IgG
  3. IgA
  4. IgD
  5. IgE
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12
Q

T cells are from which part of the body

A

thymus

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13
Q

What is the role of IgM

A
  1. body’s first response to infection
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14
Q

When should you look for IgM

A

when testing a patient for infection

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15
Q

Where is IgG present

A

all internal body fluids

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16
Q

What is IgA and where is it present

A

it is protective in external secretions

found in GI, respiratory, and genital tracts, and are present in the circulation

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17
Q

Where is IgE present

A

in internal and external body fluids

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18
Q

IgE and eosinophils respond to what

A

allergy and parasitic infections

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19
Q

What is the significance of IgD

A

unclear

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20
Q

deficiencies in IgD may exist when

A

when total Ig levels are normal and happens specifically with IgG and IgA

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21
Q

What are the steps in primary immune response

A
  1. antigen is carried to lymph node
  2. Virgin B cells respond
  3. if affinity for antigen is sufficient, B cell develops into antibody-producing plasma cells
  4. CD40 glycoprotein acts with CD154 on T cells to proliferate B cell and synthesize IgM
  5. B cells become memory cells that can mount specific IgG, IgA, or IgE response
22
Q

Is primary or secondary immune response more rapid

A

secondary response is more rapid than primary

23
Q

what is the role for natural killer cells

A

secondary immune response

24
Q

in noenates what type of cells are present in high numbers

A

T cells

25
Q

How does neonate immune differ from adult

A

ratio of CD4 to CD8 cells differ

26
Q

normal newborns have the capacity to develop what

A

antigen-specific T cell response

27
Q

Why do neonates have a high susceptibility to infections with gram-negative organisms

A
  1. lack of IgM because IgM cannot cross placenta

2. impaired phagocytosis

28
Q

What is a risk in neonates because of their normal high T cell count

A

presence of severe immunodeficiency without being recognized.

29
Q

IgM in neonates to adult

A

increase over time and reach adult levels by age 1

30
Q

Is IgA exchanged through breastmilk

A

at least some is received via breast milk

31
Q

When does IgA production begin and when does it reach adult levels

A

begins around 2 weeks of life, and reaches adult levels by age 6-7

32
Q

IgG levels at birth

A

initially high from maternal sources but taper by 6-8 months

33
Q

IgG production begins when

A

after maternal sources leave around age 6-8 months and reach adult levels by age 7-8

34
Q

IgE production

A

mimic IgA;

begins around 2 weeks and reaches adult levels by age 6-7 years

35
Q

When are the lowest total IgG levels

A

age 3-4 months

36
Q

Neonate antibody production

A

can make some specific antibodies at birth

37
Q

When can newborns mount an immune response to polysaccharide antigens

A

after 2 years of age;

**polysaccharide vaccines are ineffective for newborn and therefore require a conjugated vaccine

38
Q

lymph tissue continues to grow until when

A

school age

39
Q

thymus in adolescence

A

size starts to wane in size

40
Q

Thymus by middle age

A

is at 15% of its initial size

41
Q

T cell function over time

A

declines after middle age

42
Q

Middle age and immunity

A
  1. infections develop more easily

2. vaccines become less effective

43
Q

Older people are more prone to what

A

more prone to autoimmune disease

44
Q

in older people, risk for infection is frequently complicated by

A

comorbidities and medications

45
Q

What is the NPs role in managing infection

A
  1. refer to an infectious disease specialist
46
Q

What is considered primary prevention

A
  1. preventing infection in the first place
  2. identify and respond to infection quickly
  3. comanage chronic infection with a specialist
47
Q

What are the steps in the secondary immune response

A
  1. memory B cell encounters antigen
  2. Plasma cells form
  3. IgG, IgA, and IgE are made
  4. natural killer cells also play a role
48
Q

Where is IgM confined and why

A

they are large so they are confined to intravascular compartment

49
Q

The thymus with aging

A

it begins to shrink after adolescents;

by middle age it is 15% of original size

50
Q

T cell with aging

A

T cell function declines with age while T-cell numbers are not affected

Exam 4-DWB (20 decks)

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