Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pharmo Drugs Kim > Chapter 18 Patho > Flashcards

Chapter 18 Patho Flashcards

1
Q
  1. TB has three classifications
A

Primary TB also called primary infectious stage.
Postprimary TB also called reactivation, reinfections, and secondary TB.
Disseminated TB also called extrapulmonary , miliary, and tuberculosis-disseminated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q
  1. Primary TB tuberculosis
A

(primary infection stage)
~ 4 week period
~ initial response (of lungs) is inflammation similar
to pneumonia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q
  1. which of the following are know as the first stage of TB?
A
  • primary tuberculosis

- primary infection stage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q
  1. primary infection stage
A

~ a large influx of polymorphicnuclear leukocytes
and macrophages move into the infected area to
engulf - but not fully kill - the bacilli
~ this action also causes the pulmonary capillaries
to dilate, the interstitium to fill with fluid, and the
alveolar epithelium to swell from the edema fluid
~ eventually, the alveoli become consolidated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q
  1. PPD
A

purified protein derivative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q
  1. tubercle
A

~ unlike pneumonia, the lung tissue that surrounds
the infected area slowly produces a protective cell
wall
~ AKA ‘granuloma’
~ takes about 2-10 weeks to form

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q
  1. Ghon nodule
A

name for tubercles when detected on a chest xray

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q
  1. Ghon complex
A

as disease progresses the combination of tubercles and the involvement of the lymph nodes in the hilar region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q
  1. TB bacilli
A

may remain dormant for months, years, or life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q
  1. latent TB
A

~ patients with dormant TB do not feel sick or have
any TB related symptoms
~ they are still infected with TB but do not have
clinically active TB

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q
  1. post-primary TB
A

~ a term used to describe the reactivation of TB
months or even years after the initial infection has
been controlled
AKA:
- reactivation TB
- reinfection TB
- secondary TB

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q
  1. risk factors
A 
~ malnourished individuals
~ institutional housing
~ people living in overcrowded conditions
~ immunosuppressed patients
~ Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
TB is leading cause of death for HIV
~ alcohol abuse
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q
  1. uncontrolled TB
A 
~ further growth of the caseous granuloma tubercle
develops
~ pt progressively experiences more severe
symptoms:
- violent coughing episodes
- greenish/ bloody sputum
- low grade fever
- anorexia
- weight loss
- extreme fatigue
- night sweats
- chest pain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q
  1. consumption
A

~ earlier name for TB
~ based on the gradual wasting away of the body
~ patient is highly contagious at this point

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q
  1. disseminated TB
A

infection from TB bacilli that escape from a tubercle and travel to other sites throughout the body by means of the bloodstream or lymphatic system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q
  1. most common location
A 
~ is the apex of the lung (↑ PaO₂)
~ other O₂ rich areas include:
- regional lymph nodes
- kidneys
- long bones
- genital tract
- brain
- meninges (spine)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q
  1. complications
A 
~ hemoptysis
~ pneumothorax
~ bronchiectasis
~ extensive pulmonary destruction
~ malignancy
~ chronic pulmonary aspergillosis
~ mental deterioration
~ permanent retardation
~ blindness
~ deafness
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q
  1. military TB
A

large number of bacilli are freed into the bloodstream, numerous small tubercles - about the size of a pinhead - scatter throughout the body

19
Q
  1. pathological/ structural changes
A 
~ alveolar consolidation
~ A/c membrane destruction
~ caseous tubercles or granulomas
~ cavity formation
~ fibrosis and secondary calcification of the lung
parenchyma
~ distortion and dilation of the bronchi
~ ↑ bronchial secretions
20
Q
  1. etiology/ epidemiology
A

~ TB is one of the oldest diseases known to man and
remains one of the most widespread diseases in
the world
*even found in mummies from ancient Egypt
~ one of the top 3 causes of death among women
aged 15-44, worldwide
~ leading killer of HIV patients
*25% of all deaths

21
Q
  1. bacteria
A

in humans, TB is primarily caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis

22
Q
  1. transmission
A

~ within aerosol droplets produced by coughing,
sneezing, or laughing
~ can remain suspended in the air for several hours
after a cough or sneeze
~ may possibly be ingested in unpasteurized milk
from cattle infected with the TB pathogen
Mycobacterium Bovis

23
Q
  1. Montoux tuberculin skin test
A

~ most frequently used diagnostic method for TB
~ purified protein derivative (PPD)
~ results in 48/72 hours
~ an induration (wheal) of ≥10mm is considered
a positive result

24
Q
  1. acid-fast bacteria
A 
(sputum smear)
~ Ziehl-Neelsen stain
reveals bright red acid-fast bacilli against a
blue background
~ fluorescent acid-fast stain
reveals luminescent yellow-green bacilli against
a dark brown background
this is becoming #1 choice
25
Q
  1. nontubeculous acid-fast mycobacteria
A

associated with COPD are Mycobacterium avium & Mycobacterium Kansasi

26
Q
  1. M. tuberculosis
A

~ grows very slowly

~ up to 6 weeks for colonies to appear in culture

27
Q
  1. QuantiFERON-TB Gold Test
A

~ whole-blood test for diagnosing M. tuberculosis
infection, including latent TB infection
~In 2005 the US food and Drug administration FDA approved for QFT-G test.

28
Q
  1. peripheral edema & venous distention
A 
~ polycythemia
~ cor pulmonale
~ distended neck veins
~ pitting edema
~ enlarged/ tender liver
29
Q
  1. chest assessment
A 
~ ↑ tactile/ vocal fremitus
~ dull percussion note
~ bronchial breath sounds
~ crackles/ wheezing
~ pleural friction rub
~ whispered pectoriloquy
30
Q
  1. hemodynamic indices
A 
~ ↑ CVP
~ ↑ RAP
~ ↑ PA
~ N PCWP
~ ↑ PVR
31
Q
  1. abnormal labs
A

~ positive PPD
~ positive sputum acid-fast bacillus stain test
~ positive ABF sputum culture
~ positive quantiFERON-TB Gold Test

32
Q
  1. chest xray
A 
~ opacity
~ Ghon nodule
~ Ghon complex
~ cavity formation
~ cavitary lesion containing an air-fluid level
~ pleural effusion
33
Q
  1. 6-month treatment protocol
A 
first 2 months (induction phase) daily:
~ isoniazid (INH)
~ rifampin
~ pyrazinamide
~ ethambutol or streptomycin
next 4 months, either daily or twice weekly
~ isoniazid
~ rifampin
34
Q
  1. 9-month treatment
A 
months 1-2, daily:
~ isoniazid
~ rifampin
months 3-9, twice weekly:
~ isoniazid
~ rifampin
35
Q
  1. isoniazid & rifampin
A

1st line agents prescribed for the entire 9 months

36
Q
  1. isoniazid
A

considered to be the most effective 1st-line antituberculosis agent

37
Q
  1. prophylactic use of isoniazid
A

~ often prescribed as a daily dose for 1 year to those
who’ve been exposed to TB bacilli or who
demonstrate a positive tuberculin response
(even when the acid-fast sputum stain is negative)

38
Q
  1. resistance
A

when TB bacterium is resistant to one or more of these agents ≥3 more antibiotics must be added to the treatment regimen, and duration should be extended

39
Q
  1. Directly Observed Therapy
A

(DOT)
a major problem with TB therapy is noncompliance on the part of the patient to take the TB medication as prescribed.
therefore, ingestion of the medication must be directly observed by a responsible individual

40
Q
  1. Which of the following are known as the first stage of tuberculosis?
  2. Reinfection tuberculosis
  3. Primary tuberculosis
  4. Secondary tuberculosis
  5. Primary infection stage
    a. 2 only
    b. 3 only
    c. 1 and 3 only
    d. 2 and 4 only
A

d

41
Q
  1. What is the name of the protective wall that surrounds and encases lung tissue infected with tuberculosis?
  2. Miliary tuberculosis
  3. Reinfection tuberculosis
  4. Granuloma
  5. Tubercle
    a. 1 only
    b. 3 only
    c. 4 only
    d. 3 and 4 only
A

d

42
Q
  1. The tubercle bacillus is:
  2. Highly aerobic
  3. Acid-fast
  4. Capable of surviving for months outside of the body
  5. Rod-shaped
    a. 2 only
    b. 4 only
    c. 2 and 3 only
    d. 1, 2, 3, and 4 only
A

d

43
Q
  1. At which size wheal is a tuberculin skin test considered to be positive?
    a. Greater than 4 mm
    b. Greater than 6 mm
    c. Greater than 8 mm
    d. Greater than 10 mm
A

d

44
Q
  1. Which of the following is often prescribed as a prophylactic daily dose for 1 year in individuals who have been exposed to tuberculosis bacilli?
    a. Streptomycin
    b. Ethambutol
    c. Isoniazid
    d. Rifampin
A

c

Pharmo Drugs Kim (23 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions