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Biology 108 > Chapter 7 Nervous system reverse > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Nervous system reverse Flashcards

1
Q

reverse

Sensory input

integration

motor output

A

Nervous System

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2
Q

reverse

monitor changes occuring inside and outside the body

gather information

A

Sensory input

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3
Q

reverse

process and interpret sensory input

decide if action is needed

A

Integration

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4
Q

reverse

respond to integrated stimuli

activate muscles or glands

voluntary and involuntary

A

motor output

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5
Q

reverse

Central Nervous system

Peripheral Nervous System

A

Organization of Nervous System

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6
Q

reverse

brain and spinal cord

A

Central Nervous System

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7
Q

reverse

nerves outside the brain and spinal cord

cranial and spinal nerves

A

peripheral nervous system

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8
Q

reverse

sensory (afferent) division

Motor (efferent) division

A

Nerve functional classification

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9
Q

reverse

nerve fibers that carry information to the CNS
and the central canal

A

Sensory nerves

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10
Q

reverse

nerve fibers taht carry impulses away from the CNS

1 Somatic nervous system: voluntary, skeletal muscle

2: Autonomic nervous system: involuntary, smooth and cardiac muscle and glands

A

motor nerves

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11
Q

reverse

consists of neurons and neuroglia

A

Nervous tissue
structure

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12
Q

reverse

structural and functional unit of the nervous system and conduct nerve impulses

A

neurons

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13
Q

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supports cells that provide physical support, insulation and nutrients to neurons

A

neuroglia

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14
Q

reverse

astrocytes

microlia

ependymal cells

oligodendrocytes

satellite cells

schwann cells

A

Support cells

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15
Q

reverse

abundant star chaped cells

form barrier between capillaries and neurons

control chemical environment of brain

A

Astrocytes

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16
Q

reverse

phagocytose bacterial cells anc cellular debris in the CNS

Remove debris

A

microglia

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17
Q

reverse

line cavities of the brain and spinal cord

circulate cerebrospinal fluid

A

ependymal cells

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18
Q

reverse

wrap around nerve fibers (axons) in the CNS

poroduce myelin sheaths

A

oligodendrocytes

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19
Q

reverse

protect neuron bodies in ganglia of the peripheral nervous system

A

satellite cells

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20
Q

reverse

form myelin sheath around axons in the PNS

A

schwann cells

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21
Q

reverse

Nerve cells

specialized to transimt nerve impulses

A

Neurons

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22
Q

reverse

cell body

Dendrites

Axon

A

Neuron regions

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23
Q

reverse

nucleus

large nucleolus

nissl substance

specialized rough ER

Neurofibrils maintain shape

A

Cell body

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24
Q

reverse

short highly branched cytoplasmic extensions

conduct signals toward the cell body

A

Dendrites

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25
Q

reverse

1 per neuron

arises from the axon hillock

may have many branches (collaterals)

trigger zone region that initiates action potential (impulse)

conduct impulse away from cell body to axon termials

terminals contain vessels with neurotransmitters

A

axon

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26
Q

reverse

separated by gap from next neuron

1 synaptic cleft: fluid filled gap between adjacent neurons

2 synapse: junction between nerves

A

axon terminals

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27
Q

reverse

schwan cells surrounds region of several axons but does not form myelin sheath

A

unmylenated axon

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28
Q

reverse

in PNS schwann cells wrap around peripheral axons in jelly roll fashion

layers of cell membrane create myelin sheath, whitish fatty material

neurilmma: portion of schwann cell that contains most of the cytoplasm and nucleus (outer surface)

in CNS aligodendrocytes form the myelin sheath (no neurolemma)

Nodes of ranvier: gaps in myelin sheath

A

myelinated axon

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29
Q

reverse

most are located in CNS

1 gray matter: cell bodies and unmyelinated fibers

2 Nucleus: cluster of cell bodies within the white matter of CNS

A

Locatoin of neuronal cell bodies

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30
Q

reverse

collectoin of cell bodies outside the CNS or in the PNS

A

Ganglion

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31
Q

reverse

Sensory (afferent)

Motor (efferent)

Interneurons

A

Functional classification of neurons

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32
Q

reverse

most unipolar some bipolar

cell bodies in ganglia

carry impulses from sensory receptors to the CNS

receptor-specialized dendritic ending

cutaneous sensr organs

proprioceptors-dectect stretch or tension

A

sensoru neuron function

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33
Q

reverse

multipolar neurons

cell body within the CNS

carry implulses from teh CNS to viscera, muscles and glands

A

motor neuron function

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34
Q

reverse

found in pathways within the CNS

multipolar

some cell bodies in nuclei of CNS

connect neurons

A

interneurons function

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35
Q

reverse

multipolar: many extensions from the cell body
bipolar: one axon and one dendrite
unipolar: short single process leaving the cell body

A

Structural classification of Neurons

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36
Q

reverse

irritability: ability to respond to stimuli
conductivity: ability to transmit an impluse

A

functional properties of neurons

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37
Q

reverse

potential difference across cell membrane

plasma membrane is polarized at rest

fewer + ions are inside the cell than outside

resting potential caries with cell type-40 to -90 mV

A

Cell membrane potential

38
Q

reverse

distributino of ions across plasma membrane

1 Na+ high outside cell, low inside

2 K+ low outside cell, high inside

negatively charged molecules: DNA, RNA, proteins

membrane permeable to Na+ and K+

Na+/K+ pump (2 Na+ out, 2 K+ in)

A

Membrane potential cause

39
Q

reverse

depolarization

repolarization

A

Membrane potential changes

40
Q

reverse

membrane potential bnecomes less negative

Na+ channels open

K+ channels close

Na+ enters cell

A

membrane depolarization

41
Q

reverse

membrane potential returns to resting membrane potential (RMP)

K+ channel opens

Na+ channel closes

K+ leaves cell

A

Membrane repolarization

42
Q

reverse

rapid sequence of depolarization and repolarization

A

Nerve impulses

Action potentials

43
Q

reverse

membrane potential at which an action potential is genterated

stimuli from other neurons sum to bring membrane to threshold

A

Nerve impulse threshhold potential

44
Q

reverse

if the action potential starts it is propagated over the entire axon

if not enough it begins ar trigger zone and ends at axon terminals

A

nerve impulse propagation

45
Q

reverse

action potentials occur only at nodes of ranvier

saltatory conduction: AP appears to jump from node to node

Fast 120m/sec

A

Nerve impulse

myelinated axons

46
Q

reverse

action potential travels along the entire plasma membrane

slow .5 m/sec

A

Nerve impulse

unmyelinated axon

47
Q

reverse

neurons not in direct contact

separated by small gap : synaptic cleft

A

Synapse

48
Q

reverse

axon terminal of presynaptic neuron

synaptic vesicles filled with neurotransmitter

synaptic cleft

receptors on postsynaptic membrane

A

synapse structure

49
Q

reverse

impulses not directly able to cross to another nerve

action potential causes vesicle to move to membrane

neurotransmitter is released from axon terminal

neurotransmitter diffuses across synaptic cleft

neurotransmitter binds to protein receptors on dendrite of next neuron, post synaptic neuron

to stop a signal the neurotransmitter is broken down

A

synapse signal transmission

50
Q

reverse

rapid predictable and involuntary response to stimuli

simplest neural pathway (reflex arc)

A

Relexes

51
Q

reverse

Sensory receptor-sensory neuron-interneuron-motor-neuron-effector

A

reflex pathway

52
Q

reverse

somatic reflexes: effectors are skeletal muscles

autonomic reflexes:

                         smooth muscle regulation

heart and BP regulation

regulation of glands

digestive system regulation

A

Reflex types and regulation

53
Q

reverse

3 lbs

contains about 100 billion multipolare neurons

4 major sections

cerebrum, diencephalon, brain stem, cerebellum

A

Brain anatomy

54
Q

reverse

2 cerebral hemispheres

paird left and right superior part of brain

connected internally by corpus callosum

includes more than half of brain mass

surface is made of ridges (gyri) and grooves (sulci)

A

Cerebrum

55
Q

reverse

fissures divide the cerebrum into lobes

frontal lobe

parietal lobe

occipital lobe

temporal lobe

A

Lobes of cerebrum

56
Q

reverse

primary motor area:

voluntary control of skeletal muscle

sends impulses to skeletal muscles

Borca’s area:

motor speech

involved in our ability to speak

problem solving and language comprehension

A

Frontal lobe

57
Q

reverse

somatic sensory area

receives and interprets impulses from the bodies sensory receptors

speech and language region

A

parietal lobe

58
Q

reverse

visoin center

A

Occipital lobe

59
Q

reverse

olifaction (smell

Hearing

A

Temporal lobe

60
Q

reverse

gray matter: outer layer in cerebral cortex composed mostly of neuron cell bodies

white matter: fiber tracts deep to the gray matter

tract: bundle of fibers (axons) within the CNS

Basal nuclei: regions of gray matter burried within the white matter

A

Cerebrum layers

61
Q

reverse

sits on top of the brain stem

enclosed by cerebral hemispheres

main parts: Thalamus and Hypothalamus

A

Diencephalon

62
Q

reverse

surrounds third ventricle

relay staton for sensory impulses

transfers impulses to the correct part of cortex for localization and interpretation

A

Thalamus

63
Q

reverse

located under the thalamus

important autonomic nervous system center

helps regulate body temp

controls water balance

regulates metablolism

important part of the limbic system (emotions)

pituitary gland attached

A

Hypothalamus

64
Q

reverse

attaches to spinal cord

3 parts

Midbrain

Pons

medulla oblongata

A

Brain stem

65
Q

reverse

mostly composed of tracts of nerve fibers

reflex center for vision and hearing

A

midbrain

66
Q

reverse

mostly composed of fiber tracts

modifies activity of respiratory centers in the medulla

A

pons

67
Q

reverse

lowest part of brain stem

merges into spinal cord

includes important fiber tracts

contains important control centers

heart rate control, BP regulatoin, respiratory centers sets rate and depth of breathing, swallowing and vomiting

A

medulla oblongata

68
Q

reverse

cooridinates skeletal muscle activity

helps maintain posture, balance and equilibrium

A

Cerebellum

69
Q

reverse

scalp and skin

skull and vertebral column

meninges

cerebrospinal fluid

blood brain barrier

A

CNS protection

70
Q

reverse

3 connective tissue membranes covering brain and spinal cord

dura mater

arachnoid mater

pis mater

A

meninges

71
Q

reverse

double layered external covering

periosteum: attached to inner surface of skull

Meningeal layer: out covering of brain

folds inward in several areas

A

dura mater

72
Q

reverse

middle layer

web like

A

arachnoid mater

73
Q

reverse

clings to surface of brain and spinal cord

contains superficial blood vessels

A

Pia mater

74
Q

reverse

space between acrachnoid and pia mater

filled with cerebrospinal fluid

A

subarachnoid space

75
Q

reverse

space bewtreen meninges surrounding spinal cord and bonds of vertebral canal

filled with adipose and loos connective tissue

A

Epidural space

76
Q

reverse

similar to blood plasma composition

formed by the choroid plexus, reabsorbed by arachnoid villi

watery cushion to protect brain

ciculated in subarachnoid space, ventricles and central canal of spinal cord

A

cerebrospinal fluid

77
Q

reverse

4 interconnected cavities with in the brain filled with CSF

CSF flows through

A

Ventricles

78
Q

reverse

CSF accumulates and exerts pressure on the brain if not allowed to drain

newborns

A

Hyrocephalus

79
Q

reverse

includes the least permeable capillaries of the body

excludes many potentially harmful substances

useless against:

fats and fat soluable molecules

respiratory gases (CO2 and O2)

alcohol

Nicotine

Anesthesia

A

Blood brain barrier

80
Q

reverse

slender column of nerve fibers (tracts) and neurons

center for spinal reflexes

A

Spinal Cord

81
Q

reverse

extends from the foramen magnum of skull to the first or second lumbar vertebra

31 pairs of spinal nerves arise from spinal cord

Cauda equina

anterior median fissure

posterior median sulcus

A

Spinal cord surface anatomy

82
Q

reverse

gray matter is mostly cell bodies

Dorsal (posterior) horns

Anterior (ventral) horns

Gray commissure surround the central canal

central canal is filled with CSF

A

Spinal cord internal anatomy

83
Q

reverse

White mater-fiber tracts

ascending tracts carry sensory information to brain

descending tracts conduct motor impulses from brain to motor neurons

pathways between brain and spinal cord

A

Spinal cord exterior

84
Q

reverse

leave at each level of vertebra

dorsal roots: sensory fibers

sensory neurons found in dorsal root ganglia

ventral roots: motor fibers

motor neurons are found in the anterior horn

spinal nerve forms where posterior and anterior roots merge

A

Spinal nerves

85
Q

reverse

Nerves and ganglia outside the CNS

cranial nerve arises from brain

spinal nerves arise from spinal cord

A

Peripheral Nervous System

PNS

86
Q

reverse

bundle of neuron fibers

A

nerve

87
Q

reverse

neuron fibers bundled by connective tissue

endoneurium surrounds each fiber

groups are bound into fascicles by perineurium

fascicles are bound together by epineurium

A

nerve structure

88
Q

reverse

portion of PNS that function automatically

2 neurons in series from CNS to effector

regulates activites of cardiac, smooth muscle and glands

A

Autonomic Nervous System

89
Q

reverse

Sympathetic nervous system

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

autonomic nervouse subdivisions

90
Q

reverse

extraordinary situations-fight or flight

exercise, excitement, emergency and embarrassment

A

Sympathetic Nervous System

91
Q

reverse

housekeeping activites (rest and repose)

digestoin, defacation and diereses

A

Parasympathetic Nervous System

Biology 108 (38 decks)

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