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Science 10 > Final Bio Test > Flashcards

Final Bio Test Flashcards

1
Q

What is a stem cell?

A

A stem cell is an unspecialized cell

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2
Q

What is the function of the heart?

A

The heart pumps blood [oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients and other dissolved materials] throughout the body

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3
Q

What do veins do?

A

Veins carry blood to the heart

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4
Q

What is the function of arteries?

A

Arteries carry blood away from the heart

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5
Q

What is the function of capillaries?

A

Capillaries are where gases and nutrients move from the blood to the cells and vice versa

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6
Q

Arteries branching away from the heart become…

A

Smaller

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7
Q

Veins leading back to the heart become

A

Larger

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8
Q

Most of our blood vessels are what?

A

Capillaries

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9
Q

The transport of materials in living things is called what?

A

Circulation

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10
Q

What are the three kinds of blood vessels?

A

Arteries, veins and capillaries

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11
Q

What are the three requirements for gas exchange?

A

Large surface area, moist surface, thin membrane

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12
Q

What is specialization?

A

Cell specialization is the process by which generic cells change into specific cells meant to do certain tasks within the body

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13
Q

What is differentiation?

A

Cellular differentiation is the process by which a specialized cell becomes a more specialized cell type

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14
Q

What is a tissue?

A

The tissue is any of the distinct types of material of which animals are made, consisting of specialized cells and their products

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15
Q

What is an organ?

A

A part of an organism that is typically self contained and has a specific vital function, such as the heart or liver in humans

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16
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The movement of substances from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration. It is one of the methods by which substances are able to move across the semi permeable membrane of the cell

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17
Q

What is gas exchange?

A

Gas exchange takes place when gases are diffused. Typically takes place between carbon dioxide and oxygen. Co2 diffuses from blood into alveoli. O2 diffuses from alveoli into blood.

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18
Q

What is digestion?

A

When food is broken down into particle small enough to be absorbed into the bloodstream

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19
Q

How are nutrients absorbed

A

Nutrients are observed in the villi of the small intestines

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20
Q

How is water absorbed

A

Water is absorbed in the large intestine

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21
Q

What is an accessory organs?

A

Organs that are used in digestion but food does not pass through

22
Q

What is the function of bronchi

A

Bronchi are the main passageway into the lungs. They become smaller the closer they get to the lung tissues.

23
Q

What are alveoli?

A

Alveoli are tiny sacs within our lungs that allow oxygen and carbon dioxide to move between the lungs and blood stream

24
Q

What is the trachea?

A

A wide, hollow tube that connects the voice box to the bronchi of the lungs. It is an important part of the body’s airway and has the vital function of providing airflow to and from the lungs for respiration

25
Q

What happens during digestion in the mouth?

A

The teeth break food into smaller pieces, saliva moistens the food, saliva also begins the chemical breakdown of starch

26
Q

What happens to food in the stomach?

A

The stomach churns food and breaks it into even smaller pieces, the chemical digestion of proteins begins, partially digested food then moved to the small intestine

27
Q

What happens in the small intestine?

A

Most digestion takes place in the small intestine. The small intestine is also where all digestion is completed, undigested food is then passed into the large intestine

28
Q

What happens in the large intestine?

A

The large intestine stores and eliminates undigested food as solid waste

29
Q

What is the importance of stem cell research?

A

Stem cells are not yet specialized, which gives them the potential to be able to specialize in any area, possibly being able to treat injuries or diseases by regenerating organs. People are currently studying the use of stem cells in treating cancer, Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease.

30
Q

What are some issues with using stem cells?

A

Embryonic stem cells have more potential than adult stem cells. However some people believe it is unethical to destroy the embryo, which is necessary in order to obtain the stem cell.

31
Q

What are the differences between embryonic and adult stem cells?

A

Embryonic: found in embryos, undergo differentiation
Adult: are created once a cell is differentiated, does not go through differentiation, has limited possibilities for specialization.

32
Q

Name the four types of tissues.

A

Epithelial, muscle, nervous, connective

33
Q

Explain epithelial tissue and give examples.

A

Made up of tightly packed cells, which allows the tissue to do it’s job of protecting the organs. Example: skin, service of lungs

34
Q

Explain connective tissue and give examples.

A

Contain large vacuole’s, which allows them to store energy. Also used to join other tissues. Example: tendons, bones, cartilage

35
Q

Explain muscle tissue and give examples.

A

Made up of long and thin cells, allowing the muscles to move easily, extend and contract. Examples: skeletal, smooth [blood vessels and organs], cardiac.

36
Q

Explain nervous tissue and give examples.

A

Connected with axons and dendrites, allowing them to transmit signals throughout the body. Examples: spinal cord, brain

37
Q

Identify and explain the tissue found in: skin, heart, lungs, stomach.

A

Skin – epithelial tissue allows the skin to protect the inside of the body
Hard – muscle tissue allows the heart to contract and pump blood throughout the body
Lungs – epithelial tissue protect things from getting into the lungs
Stomach – muscle cells allow the stomach to churn food during digestion

38
Q

What is chemical digestion?

A

When food is broken down by enzymes

39
Q

What is mechanical digestion?

A

When food is broken down by muscles, teeth, etc. [physically]

40
Q

How are the respiratory, circulatory and digestive systems related?

A

Respiratory gives oxygen to the blood, digestive system gives nutrients to blood, circulatory moves blood around the body.

41
Q

Explain how breathing, heart rate and blood pressure are affected by physical activity.

A

Increase when your body needs more of everything.

42
Q

Explain how and where gas exchange takes place in fish, frogs and worms.

A

Fish – gas exchange takes place in the gill filaments, which are thin, moist, have a large surface area and have capillaries
Frogs - gas exchange takes place through the skin, which has a large surface area, is moist and thin
Worms - gas exchange takes place through skin, which is moist, thin and has a large surface area

43
Q

What are the differences between the three systems of humans and worms?

A

Cardiovascular: have five hearts
Respiratory: exchanges gases through the skin
Digestive: don’t have a stomach; use crop for storage and gizzard to grind food

44
Q

What are the differences between the three systems of humans and fish?

A

Cardiovascular: has a two chamber heart
Respiratory: uses gills instead of lungs
Digestive: have only one intestine

45
Q

What are the differences between the three systems of humans and frogs?

A

Cardiovascular: have three chambered heart
Respiratory: don’t have a diaphragm
Digestive: cloaca releases liquid and solid waste

46
Q

How are nutrients absorbed in the small intestine?

A

Nutrients are absorbed in the villi of the small intestines, which are the Alveoli are equivalent of the digestive system.

47
Q

Explain the flow of blood through the heart, lungs and body.

A

The circulatory system moves oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients and waste between the lungs, body tissues, digestive system and kidneys. The heart pumps blood; arteries carry blood away from the heart; capillaries carry blood to tissues, where exchange of nutrients, oxygen and waste takes place; and veins return blood to the heart.

48
Q

What is the function of the lungs?

A

Lungs are used for breathing and gas exchange.

49
Q

Explain the steps of breathing.

A
  1. Air enters through mouth or nose
  2. Air moves into throats and then trachea
  3. Trachea branches into two bronchi and then into the lungs
  4. Bronchi branch into smaller tubes within the lungs. Alveoli are at the end.
50
Q

What two things happen in the alveoli?

A
  1. Blood picks up oxygen from air sacks

2. Air sacs pick up carbon dioxide from blood and release them

51
Q

Trace the flow of blood throughout the body (real one).

A
  1. Right atrium
  2. Right ventricle
  3. Pulmonary artery
  4. Lungs
  5. Pulmonary veins
  6. Left atrium
  7. Left ventricle
  8. Aorta
  9. Body cells
  10. Vena cava

Science 10 (5 decks)

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