WEEK 10 SPECIAL SENSORY

Question 1

What is the sclera?

Answer 1

Dense irregular connective tissue

Question 2

What is the cornea?

Answer 2

Avascular, transparent collagen disc with epithelial covering (bulbar conjunctiva)- it is continuous with the sclera

Question 3

What is the iris?

Answer 3

Pigmented portion with central pupil

Question 4

What is the ciliary body?

Answer 4

Smooth muscles that alter lens shape

Question 5

What is the choroid?

Answer 5

Vascular layer that nourishes retina

Question 6

What is the retina?

Answer 6

Neurological layer consisting of : Pigmented layer (superficial) and neural layer (deep)

Question 7

What is myopia?

Answer 7

When the corneal curvature is too steep or axial length of eye too long; light is focused short of the retina (nearsighted)

Question 8

What is hyperoxia?

Answer 8

Corneal curvature is too flat or axial length of eye too short so image is focused behind the retina (farsighted)

Question 9

What is antigmatism?

Answer 9

Where there is irregular corneal curvature- light from different axis being brought to focus at different point.

Question 10

What are treatments for the different forms of sightedness issues?

Answer 10

Laser surgery to change the curvature of the cornea to focus on the retina
Contact lens performs ‘corrected’ corneal surface and focuses image on retina -shifts the curvature
Spectacle lens refracts light rays to focus image on retina

Question 11

Why do particular movements have to be performed for eye tests to see if muscles/nerves are working?

Answer 11

Because the visual axis is offset from the orbital axis so tension is always placed on the muscles.

Question 12

What is the action of the superior oblique muscle?

Answer 12

Intort the eye (move towards nose)

Question 13

What is the action of the inferior olbique muscle?

Answer 13

Extort the eye (move away from nose)

Question 14

What clinical test can be done to check that the superior oblique muscle is working (trochlear nerve CN IV)?

Answer 14

Look at your nose please

Question 15

What clinical test can be done to check that the inferior oblique muscle (occulomotor nerve CN III) is working?

Answer 15

Look to the bottom right corner and bottom left corner (for each eye)

Question 16

What is remote chemoreception?

Answer 16

Olfaction (smell)

Question 17

What is direct chemoreception?

Answer 17

Taste

Question 18

What is the main gland for saliva production?

Answer 18

Submandibular gland

Question 19

What are fuliform papillae?

Answer 19

Dorsal surface of tongue but DO NOT TAKE PLACE IN TASTE

Question 20

What are the fungiform papillae?

Answer 20

• Broad and flat
• Anterior tip and sides of tongue
• Contain tastebuds (but not majort taste buds)

Question 21

What are the valate papillae?

Answer 21

Largest of the tastebuds in a V shape of posterior tongue.

- Have densest concentration of tastebuds within papilla

Question 22

How does facial nerve CN VII transmit taste to the brain?(via what)

Answer 22

The chorda tympani

Question 23

Which nerve detects taste from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?

Answer 23

The facial nerve (CN VII) via the chorda tympani (pathway to brain)

Question 24

What is the physically largest gland?

Answer 24

Parotid gland, enters oral cavity via projecting papilla

Question 25

Where are the sublingual glands?

Answer 25

Immediately ventral to the tongue and secrete via a series of short sublingual ducts(create a lot of saliva under tongue surface)

Question 26

Pathway of sound waves:

Answer 26

Waves in external environment–> mechanical signals–> electrical impulses

Question 27

Where can the signals travel from ear?

Answer 27

Inferior colliculus or medial gmeiculate nucleus