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BMS2011 ANATOMY > WEEK 11 INTEGUMENTARY > Flashcards

WEEK 11 INTEGUMENTARY Flashcards

1
Q

What is integumentary?

A

Skin and derivatives;hiar nails sweat glands, oil glands, mammary glands(apocrine sweat glands)

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2
Q

What is the function of integument?

A 
Resistance to trauma and infection
barrier to UV light 
Thermoregulation 
Sensation
Nutrition
Immune defence
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3
Q

What are the 4 cell types of the epidermis?

A

Keratinocytes
Melanocytes
Merkel Cells
Langerhans cells

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4
Q

What are keratinocyte cells and which epidermal layer are they in?

A

Cells formed by keratin and work by insulation (the principle cells) -found in stratum corneum (most superficial layer)

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5
Q

What are melanocytes and which epidermal layer are they found in?

A

Specialised cells that produce melanin(gives skin colour)- found in stratum basale (most deep epidermal layer)

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6
Q

What are the merkel cells and which epidermal layer are they found in?

A

Important cells associated with nerve terminals and detecting sensation- found in the stratum basale (deepest epidermal layer)

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7
Q

What are langerhans cells and which epidermal layer are they found in?

A

Wondering phagocytic cells that are important in body’s immune response- found in stratum spinosum

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8
Q

What are the 4 layers of the epidermis? (from superficial to deep)

A

Stratum corneum–>Stratum granulosum–> stratum spinosum–> stratum basale

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9
Q

What are the two sub layers of the dermis?

A

Papillary layer and dense reticular layer

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10
Q

What does the papillary layer consist of?

A

In the dermis (20%) and is in a wave like strucutre-dermal papilla- increase surface for gas exchange

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11
Q

What does the dense reticular layer contain?

A

Glands and hair follicles

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12
Q

What do dermal papillae form?

A

epidermal ridges that extend into dermis

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13
Q

Where are the epidermal ridges found ?

A

On the palms of hands and soles to increase friciton and ensure proper grip

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14
Q

What are sebaceous glands?

A

Glands that secrete sebum -waxy secretion that coats the surface of hairs

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15
Q

What are sweat glands and where are they found?

A

glands that produce sweat and found in dermis

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16
Q

What are nails and what are they produced by?

A

Keratinous structure produced by epithelial cells of nail root

17
Q

Which 3 zones is the hair follicle divided into?

A

Bulb- swelling that originates in dermis or hypodermis
Root- produces the shaft
Shaft- portion above the skin surface

18
Q

What is the hair structure?(cross section)

A

Inner medulla- soft and flexible soft keratin and cavity
Outer cortex- hard keratin
Cuticle- outermost layer (resistant to chemical decomposition)

19
Q

What do the hair layers work as?

A

Protective lamina on hair surface

20
Q

What are the 4 different hair types?

A

Lanugo hairs (found in developing foetus), Vellus hairs (unpigmented and all over body), intermediate hairs (upper and lower limbs) , terminal hairs (eyebrows, pubic hair, scalp-deeply pigmented )

21
Q

What are aprocrine glands and where are they found?

A

Very large, duct doesn’t go straight onto epidermis-reaches to a hair follicle, only found on axillary region and genital area, oily secretion , creates body odor-from the bacteria in aprocrine glands

22
Q

What are merocrine glands?

A

Much smaller than apocrine glands, has duct that goes straight to epidermis via sweat pore, only water secretion ‘typical sweat’- water with minerals-like on palms of hands (all over body surface) -thermoregulaton

23
Q

What is the lunula of the nail?

A

Not attached to capillaries and is where the cells grow

24
Q

What can skin colour be influenced by?

A

Carotene- orange-yellow pigment (but not a lot of colour)-body synthesises to vit A
Hemoglobin- bright red colour when combined with oxygen
Melanin- dark pigment- produced by melanocytes- most important component of skin colour

25
Q

Why do women have skin in general than men?

A

Because when pregnant,they need vitamin D to be synthesised

26
Q

What is the folate hypothesis?

A

That dark skin was not evolved to protect from UV and skin cancer but to protect folate- folate undergoes photolysis under UV and is critical for development- without it spina bifida (opening of vertebral column) occurs and developmental disorders occur

27
Q

Why are the inuit people different from the norm?

A

Because they have dark skin colour in a northern environment- can’t get enough vitamin D from UV BUT can get it from diet- blubber, seal livers and whale blubber (fat and organs) - dark skin could also protect from irradiation (white snow)

28
Q

What are 4 reasons for different skin colour?

A
  • Number of melanosomes and degree of dispersion (dark coloured people=less dispersed, light coloured people- aggregate more like in freckles)
  • Rate of melanin production (melanogenesis)
  • Rate of transportation of melanosome
  • Persons age- older-lighter skin
29
Q

Does the number of melanocytes contribute to differing skin colour?

A

NO! It is the number of melanosomes

30
Q

What are the two types of melanin?

A

Eumelanin and Pheomelanin

31
Q

Which people is eumelanin typically found in?

A

Dark skinned or dark haired people (brown-black)

32
Q

Which people is pheomelanin found?

A

people that have red hair also tend to have yellow-red brown skin characterised by the pheomelanin

33
Q

What term is tanning knoen as?

A

Facultative skin colour -short term response (acclimatisation)

34
Q

What causes gray hair to be gray?

A

Melanin production ceases and causes air bubbles which lead to the gray/white colour

35
Q

What is Gloger’s rule?

A

That in endoderms, the more heavily pigmented forms tend to be found in hot and humid environments near the equator

36
Q

What is the thermoregulatory hypothesis?

A

Where the transition to bipedalism helped conserve energy and protected from overheating which is why we may have evolved a dark skin colour -but weakness is that skin cancer was generally occuring after the reproductive age so it may not have been to protcect against UV

37
Q

What is the folate hypothesis?

A

Dark skin was to protect folate from undergoing degredation by UV (photolysis)- folate is necessary for development, spermogenesis, and DNA expression - without it spina bifida can occur (opening of vertebral column)

38
Q

What are the effects of vitamin D defficiency?

A

Rickets; bending of legs, improper tooth development, narrowing of pelvic inlet, can’t mineralise cartilagenous matrix in bones

BMS2011 ANATOMY (12 decks)

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