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Pathology 1 > Enviro > Flashcards

Enviro Flashcards

1
Q

Environmental diseases are NOT?

A

genetic

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2
Q

Environmental injuries are often causes by ____ and _____ agents?

A

chemical and physical

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3
Q

4 types of physical agents that cause injury

A

mechanical
thermal
electrical
radiation

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4
Q

environmental diseases definition

A

study of diseases not entirely genetic

  • caused by:
    1) air/water pollution of the enviro
    2) use/abuse of drugs and physical agents (radiation)
    3) over/under nutrition
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5
Q

define pollutanta

A

an agent in the environment which can cause disease if exposure to it occurs

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6
Q

examples of outdoor air pollutants?

A

ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, lead particulates

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7
Q

examples of indoor air pollutants

A

carbon monoxide, wood smoke, formaldehyde, bioaerosols

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8
Q

define smog

A

visible accumulation of air pollutants

–result of coal combustion produces sulfur oxides

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9
Q

air pollution causes increased morbidity and mortality especially among those with pre-existing ____?

A

lung disease

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10
Q

define “photochemical oxidant” smog

A

incompletely burned hydrocarbons release CO, CO2 and nitrogen oxides which are primary pollutants

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11
Q

what does sunlight do in regards to air pollution? example?

A

sunlight acts on primary pollutants to form secondary pollutants
**ozone and free radicals with oxidizing properties as afflicts Los Angeles

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12
Q

Bhopal disaster

A

in 1984 a lot of methyl isocyanate (MIC) gas was released in India; still having cancer, respiratory, blindness and birth-defects

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13
Q

what are the factors that affect environmental injury?

A

1) solubility in water
2) particle size and airway anatomy
3) concentration and chemical reactivity
4) rate, depth, and type (oral or nasal) of respirations
5) duration of exposure
6) host clearance mechanisms

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14
Q

describe how solubility in water affects enviro injury?

*scrubbing?

A
  • more soluble = more dissolvable in upper airway secretions
  • scrubbing action of the upper airway passages results in the lower airway passages being protected, for example from SO2
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15
Q

scrubbing action of the upper airway passages does what?

A

results in the lower airway passages being protected, for example from SO2

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16
Q

describe particle size and airway anatomy and it’s affect on enviro injury

A
    • > 5-10 um doesn’t reach distal airway because it’s too large to fit
    • <0-0.5 um gas goes in and out of airway with affect or deposition because so small
    • 1-5 um are the most dangerous because they lodge at bifurcations of the distal airways!!!
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17
Q

describe concentration and chemical reactivity and it’s affect on enviro injury

A
  • low (<0.1 ppm) = eye irritation only
  • moderate (2-5 ppm) overcome scrubbing action of nose causing increased airway resistance
  • very high (> 20 ppm) result in decreased mucociliary clearance and pulmonary edema = MOST problamatic
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18
Q

describe rate, depth, and type (oral or nasal) of respirations and it’s affect on enviro injury? Coal miner example?

A

Not breathing properly OR the way you breath in your environment
**coal miners breathing is fast and deep due to physical
excursion leading to increased exposure of lower airways to pollutants

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19
Q

describe duration of exposure and it’s affect on enviro injury?

A

more exposure = more intake of pollution

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20
Q

describe host clearance mechanisms and it’s affect on enviro injury?

A

decreased capacity to clear inhaled particles

–lung diseases decrease clearance; such as: emphysema, chronic bronchitis, cystic fibrosis

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21
Q

What are some NON-therapeutic agents that can cause injury

A

1) lead

2) carbon monoxide

22
Q

lead is dangerous principally to?

A

infants and children

23
Q

sources of lead?

A

are numerous; leaded gasoline, old paints, soil contamination

24
Q

lead is mostly absorbed by the body where?

A

80-85% is absorbed lead is taken up by BONES

25
Q

T or F… lead lines are radiodense

A

true

26
Q

what are the principle outcomes of lead poisoning?

A

anemia and brain damage

27
Q

symptoms of chronic lead poisoning resemble many complaints such as?

A

headaches, fatigue, abdominal pain

28
Q

affects of lead toxicity is?

A
  • peripheral and central nervous systems
  • RBCs; heme synthesis
  • metabolism of Vit. D and calcium
  • reproductive system
29
Q

sources of carbon monoxide?

A

cars, industry and cigarettes

30
Q

carbon monoxide acts as a systemic _____?

A

asphyxiant

31
Q

define asphyxiant

A

is a substance that can cause unconsciousness or death by suffocation

32
Q

Does hemoglobin have greater affinity for CO or O2?

A

hemoglobin has 200x greater affinity for CO than O2

33
Q

acute CO poisoning

A

Fast, sit in garage with car running

  • morphologic changes resemble hypoxia
  • cherry red color of skin and mucous membrane – causes brain to hemorage
34
Q

chronic CO poisoning

A

Slow, during winter

  • smoking
  • persistent low dose exposure leads to carboxyhemoglobin accumulation (very stable)
  • slowly developing hypoxia; body can handle it for a time
35
Q

define hypoxia

A

oxygen deficiency in a biotic environment (not enough oxygen reaches tissues)

36
Q

list commonly used and abused substances

A
  • alcohol
  • cocaine
  • amphetamines
  • heroin
  • morphine
  • marijuana
  • hashlish
  • inhalents (aerosol sprays and glues)
  • nonprescription drugs
37
Q

why is it important to know if patients use/abuse cocaine (for example)?

A

lidocaine WILL NOT work the same way, they will still feel pain. must wait for it to leave system
*** lidocaine add to toxicity

38
Q

cocaine on cardiovascular system?

** big one concerning heart attacks?

A
  • acts as a sympathomimetic – excess stimulation
  • tachycardia and hypertension
  • myocardial ischemia due to coronary vasoconstriction
  • *promotes thrombus formation and premature atherosclerosis
39
Q

cocaine on central nervous system

A
  • inhibits reuptake of dopamine (neurotransmitter) leading to stimulation of presynaptic neurons
  • euphoria, paranoia, hyperthermia
  • lidocaine add to toxicity
40
Q

meth mouth is mainly caused by

A

Xerostomia aka dry mouth

41
Q

two most commonly used nonprescription drugs causing toxicity?

A

acetaminophen

aspirin

42
Q

acetaminophen toxic dose?

A

toxic dose, 15-25g, causes hepatic necrosis and may show concurrent renal and myocardial damage

43
Q

aspirin toxic dose?

A

toxic dose is 2-4g in children OR 10-30g in adults causing chronic o or acute toxicity
*blue coloration may result in bone

44
Q

define abrasion

A

wound produced by scrapping or rubbing

*most commonly caused by falling

45
Q

signs of inflammation

A 
warm
red
swelling
pain
loss of function
46
Q

proper word for bruise?

A

contusion

47
Q

define contusion/bruise

A

produced by blunt object resulting from damage to blood vessels and extravasation of blood into tissues

48
Q

define laceration

A

a tear or disruptive stretching of tissue caused by a blunt object

49
Q

define incised wound

A

inflicted by a sharp instrument

50
Q

define puncture wound

A
  • caused by a long narrow instrument
  • penetrating instrument pierces the tissue
  • perforating wound with an exit
51
Q

does a laceration or puncture wound cause LESS damage to surrounding tissue?

A

puncture wound

Pathology 1 (21 decks)

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