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Pathology 1 > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

70-80% of all cerebrovascular accidents are?

A

Acute Ischemic Brain Infarct (Stroke)… 60 yr old men

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2
Q

Acute Ischemic Brain Infarct (Stroke) most common cause?

A
  • **Cerebral atherosclerosis

- other causes are embolization from left cardiac chamber, thrombosis from carotid artery

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3
Q

Hemorrhagic infarct occurs when there is?

A

bleeding into the area of infarction

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4
Q

Most common sites of Primary Brain Parenchymal

Hemorrhage are?

A

 Basal Ganglia (70%)
 Cerebellum
 Pons region of brainstem

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5
Q

three types of Intracranial Hemorrhage?

A
  1. Primary brain parenchymal hemorrhage
  2. Subarachnoid hemorrhage
  3. Vascular malformations
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6
Q

Transient Ischemic Attacks

(TIAs) caused by?

A

small atheromatous emboli or platelet-fibrin aggregates

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7
Q

Transient Ischemic Attacks

(TIAs) is an important predictor of?

A

subsequent infarction.
— 1/3 of patients with TIAs will develop cerebral infarcts
within 5 years.

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8
Q

Primary Brain Parenchymal

Hemorrhage most common cause?

A

Hypertension
– Associated with 50% of
cases.
—causes hyaline arteriosclerosis in small vessels making them more prone to rupture

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9
Q

Most common cause of

SAH is rupture of

A

saccular (berry) aneurism
– 80% in internal carotid artery (circle of Willis)
– 20% in vertebrobasilar
artery system

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10
Q

What is seen secondary to reperfusion of ischemic tissue or after dissolution of intravascular occlusions?

A

Hemorrhagic infarct

** Acute Ischemic Brain Hemorrhagic Infarct (Stroke)

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11
Q

Epidural (Extradural) Hemorrhage (Hematoma) cause?

A

tearing of the middle meningeal artery

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12
Q

Contusion

A

Hemorrhages in superficial brain parenchyma caused by blunt trauma

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13
Q

Subdural Hemorrhage (Hematoma) tears occur where?

A

in bridging veins of meninges, NOT an artery as in epidural hematoma

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14
Q

Subdural Hemorrhage (Hematoma) often associated with?

A

brain atrophy – greater vein mobility

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15
Q

define Concussion

A

A clinical, not pathologic entity

  • *ANATOMIC LESIONS NOT SEEN
  • temporary damage to the reticular activating system
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16
Q

Subdural Hemorrhage (Hematoma) between?

A

dura mater and arachnoid mater

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17
Q

1) Epidural (Extradural) Hemorrhage (Hematoma) commin in?
2) Acute Ischemic Brain Infarct (Stroke)
3) Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Saccular or “berry” Aneurism
4) Subdural Hemorrhage (Hematoma)
5) Multiple Sclerosis

A

1) children
2) 7th decade and in males
3) Women before 50
4) older peeps on anticoagulants and infants with thin walled veins
5) female 20-40

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18
Q

What may have a “lucent” period followed by rapid clinical deterioration cerebral edema and herniation?

A

Epidural (Extradural) Hemorrhage (Hematoma)

*** neurosurgical emergency!

19
Q

Coup contusion vs Contrecoup contusion

A

Coup contusion – site of
blow

Contrecoup contusion –
opposite the site of impact

20
Q

Aseptic meningitis

A

Lymphocytic (Viral) Meningitis

21
Q 
Acute Pyogenic Meningitis
vs Lymphocytic (Viral) Meningitis spinal fluid
A

acute= Neutrophils increased, glucose decreased

Lymphocytic (Viral)= glucose normal, no bacteria, no neutrophiles, lymphcytes increased

22
Q

true or false… Lymphocytic (Viral) Meningitis is self-limiting

A

true

*Usually self-limiting as opposed to those caused by bacteria and fungus

23
Q

Chronic Meningitis caused by normally? what is HIV present?

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

*immunodeficiency present= Crytococcus

24
Q

Viral Encephalitis examples?

A
    • Arboviruses - short for arthropod-borne virus.
    • West Nile virus, a flavivirus, best known
    • St. Louis & California encephalitis, western andeastern equine encephalitis
25
Q

Herpes simplex I (HSV)

A
  • most common cause of sporadic viral encephalitis in USA
  • Causes hemorrhagic
  • necrotizing encephalitis
  • treat with antiviral agents * * 1/3 of infections
26
Q

Herpes simplex 2 (HSV)

A
  • neonates born to women with active genital lesions
  • Devastating encephalitis
  • 2/3 of infections
27
Q

Anencephaly

A

hypoplastic or absentcranial vault

28
Q

Sina Bifida

A

incomplete closure of embryonic neural tube

29
Q

in Neural Tube Defects what is elevated in respect to gestational age?

A

Maternal alpha fetoprotein

30
Q

One of the most malignant

of all tumors, but rarely metastasizes?

A

Astrocytoma – “Glioblastoma Multiforme”

31
Q

Arises from nerve sheath cells?

A

Acoustic Schwannoma (Neuroma)
-Schwann cells of cranial nerve VIII within the external
auditory canal
- dizzy, hearing loss, NF-2

32
Q

most common demyelinating

disease? involves what?

A

Multiple Sclerosis

** Autoimmune disease involving T-cell mediated injury to myelin sheaths

33
Q

Demyelinated areas called

A

plaques

34
Q

most common cause of

dementia in the elderly?

A

Alzheimer’s Disease

(HIV most common cause in young adults in the USA)

35
Q

Involves dopamine
secreting neurons of the
substantia nigra

A

Parkinsonism

36
Q

Lou Gehrig’s disease

A 
Progressive degenerative
disorder involving the
upper & lower motor
neurons of the pyramidal
system.
*** Motor neuron disease
37
Q

Lou Gehrig’s death from?

A

respiratory insufficiency and infections

38
Q

most common life-threatening diseases of the

peripheral nervous system?

A

Guillain-Barre Syndrome

39
Q

“Pill rolling” tremor

A

Parkinsonism

40
Q

1) Type I (NF-1) aka?

2) Type 2 (NF-2) aka?

A

1) von Recklinghausen disease
2) bilateral acoustic or central
neurofibromatosis

41
Q

Hyperphosphorylated “Tau”

protein and extracellular Beta Amyloid plaques?

A

Alzheimer’s Disease

42
Q

Neurofibromatosis Type 1

A
  • most common
  • chromo 17
  • cafe-au-lait spots
  • overactivity of the RAS oncogene
  • oral neurofibromas, enlarged fungiform papillae and mandibular foramina
43
Q

Lisch Nodules

Dendritic Melanocytic Hamartomas

A

Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF-1)

44
Q

Neurofibromatosis Type 2

A

-chromo 22
- disrupts normal tumor
suppressor function
- affects merlin
- Neurofibromas rarely found
- Bilateral acoustic neuromas (schwannomas) involving VIII nerve leading to hearing loss
- Café au lait spots and Multiple meningiomas
(benign tumors of the meninges)

Pathology 1 (21 decks)

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