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Pathology 1 > enviro - nutrition > Flashcards

enviro - nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

highly susceptible groups to nutritional diseases

A

1) poor ppl
2) alcoholics
3) acute and chronic illness: basal metabolic rate may be increased
4) dieters- anorexia or bulimia

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2
Q

what does SAM stand for?

A

severe acute malnutrition

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3
Q

two types of SAM?

A

1) maramus - SOMATIC protein compartment represented by skeletal muscles affected
2) Kwashiorkor - affects VISCERAL protein compartment in the visceral organs

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4
Q

SAM is casued by?

A

inadequate dietary intake f protein and total calories to meet the body’s needs

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5
Q

PEM stands for?

A

protein energy malnutrition

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6
Q

define maramus

A

less than 60% of normal body weight

  • growth retardation
  • loss of muscle mass
  • anemia*****
  • immunodeficiency
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7
Q

define Kwashiorkor

A

excessive protein deprovation

  • weight is 60-80% of normal
  • generalized or dependent edema
  • –pronounced abdomin
  • “flaky paint’ lesions**
  • hair abnormalities
  • enlarged, fatty liver
  • muscle atrophy
  • defects in immunity and secondary infection
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8
Q

if you see a pronounced abdomen, what PEM disease is it?

A

Kwashiorkor

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9
Q

the severe form of PEM/SAM is known as?

A

cachexia; weakness and wasting of the body

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10
Q

cachexia is associated with?

A

cancer

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11
Q

define anorexia nervosa?

A

self induced; similar to PAM/SEM

  • amenorrhea
  • cold intolerance, constipation, skin and hair changes
  • —cold cuz no cushion!
  • decreased one density
  • cardiac arrhythmia may lead to sudden death
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12
Q

clinical symptoms of anorexia nervosa are similar to?

A

protein energy malnutrition starvation (PEM/SAM)

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13
Q

define amenorrhea

A

an abnormal absence of menstruation

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14
Q

define bulimia

A

willful vomiting after large intake of calories

  • binge eating (typically of carbs) followed by induced vomiting
  • *if female, 50% have amenorrhea
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15
Q

T or F… bulimics maintain normal weight?

A

true

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16
Q

clinical problems with bulimia

A
  • electrolyte imbalances
  • aspiration of gastric juices
  • esophageal rupture
  • erosion of teeth
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17
Q

T or F… dentists are commonly the first to notice bulimia

A

true

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18
Q

what are the fat soluble vitamins?

A

A D E K

    • readily stored in body
    • poorly absorbed in some GI disorders
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19
Q

T or F… single vitamin deficiencies are common

A

FALSE

-deficiency may be primary or secondary

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20
Q

Vitamin A is transported and stored in?

A

retinal! (retinal ester)

**primarily stored in liver = 90%

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21
Q

vitamin A functions (4 things)

A
  • maintains normal dark vision via rhodopsin synthesis
  • promotes differentiation of mucous secreting cells
  • enhancement of immunity and cancer prevention
  • photo protective and antioxidant functions
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22
Q

clinical signs of vitamin A deficiency?

What two organs commonly affected?

A

1) night blindness
2) xerophthalmia (dry eye)
3) squamous metaplasia predisposes to secondary pulmonary infections and desquamation of keratin debris in the urinary tract leads to renal and urinary bladder stones
- –lungs and bladder
4) impaired immunity

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23
Q

vitamin D is a ____ hormone

A

steroid hormone

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24
Q

vitamin D function

A

functions to maintain normal plasma levels of calcium and phosphorous (needed for bone)

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25
Q

vitamin D source

A
  • diet: fish and grains

* endogenous: UV light converts 7-dehydrocholesterol (skin) to Vit D3

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26
Q

vitamin D is obtained?

A

90% of required Vit D can be obtained endogenously

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27
Q

vitamin D metabolism= conversion to active forms in ____ and _____?

A

liver and kidney

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28
Q

The state of vitamin D deficiency in children is called ____? In adults is called ______?

A
  • children = rickets

* adults = osteomalacia

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29
Q

basic derangement of vitamin D is an excess of?

A

excess of non-mineralized bone matrix

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30
Q

rickets symptoms

A
  • excessive cartilage malformations lead to eventual skeletal deformations
  • frontal bossing and ‘squared head’
  • rachitic rosary
  • pigeon breast
  • lumbar lordosis and bowed legs
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31
Q

define rachitic rosary

A

excess cartilage at costochondral junction aka bony necklace caused by Vit D deficiency
*sign of rickets

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32
Q

osteomalacia symptoms

A
  • weak bone with gross fracture or micro fracture
  • excess of osteoid (unmineralized bone)
  • differentiate from osteopenias such as osteoporosis
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33
Q

Vitamin E functions? (3 things)

A
  • Free radical scavenger
  • Protects against oxidation-induced tissue damage
  • Acts along with selenium in the maintenance of cell (neuronal) membranes
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34
Q

Vitamin E is found?

A

Abundant in vegetables, grains, and nuts

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35
Q

Vitamin E deficiency affects?

A

peripheral nerves and may increase RBC fragility

36
Q

Vitamin K is required for?

A

clotting

37
Q

Vitamin K is needed for the activity of what clotting factors?

A

clotting factors II, VII, IX, and X (prothrombin complex)

38
Q

Vitamin K sources?

A
  • Endogenous -gut microflora

* Exogenous -necessary

39
Q

T or F…. Vitamin K is not recycled

A

FALSE

*** Vitamin K is recycled in the liver

40
Q

Vitamin K deficiency consequences?

A
  • -Bleeding diathesis in neonates

- -Intracranial hemorrhage

41
Q

Name a drug that acts as a Vitamin K antagonist?

A

Warfarin (aka coumadin)

**prevents clotting

42
Q

another name for Thiamine?

A

Vitamin B1

43
Q

high risk groups for Thiamine/Vitamin B1 deficiency?

A

Seen in populations highly dependant on refined foods (polished rice)

44
Q

Thiamine/Vitamin B1 Deficiency Syndromes

A

1) Polyneuropathy (dry beriberi)
2) Cardiovascular syndrome with edema (wet beriberi)
3) Wernicke -Korsakoff syndrome

45
Q

describe Wernicke -Korsakoff syndrome?

** lesions target what?

A
  • Wernicke’s encephalopathy–acute phase (neurological disorder = confusion, unsteady, eye movement)
  • Korsakoff’s psychosis–Chronic phase; mental illness; permanent damage to memory
  • **CNS lesions -target thalamus and hypothalamus
  • Seen mostly in chronic alcoholics in USA
46
Q

alcoholics commonly get what disease?

A

Wernicke -Korsakoff syndrome from a Thiamine/Vitamin B1 Deficiency

47
Q

another name for Riboflavin?

A

Vitamin B2

48
Q

Riboflavin/Vitamin B2 deficiency

A
    • Associated with other nutritional deficiencies. Low consumption of milk, chronic alcoholism, or chronic diarrhea.
    • Angular cheilitis
    • Glossitis -shiny, red-blue tongue
    • Eye changes
    • Dermatitis
49
Q

define Glossitis

A

shiny, red-blue tongue

*commonly seen in Riboflavin/Vitamin B2 deficiency

50
Q

define Angular cheilitis

A

common inflammatory condition affecting the corners of the mouth or oral commissures
*commonly seen in Riboflavin/Vitamin B2 deficiency

51
Q

another name for Vitamin B3?

A

Niacin

52
Q

An inability to absorb Niacin/Vitamin B3 or amino acid TRYPTOPHAN may cause?

A

pellagra

53
Q

define pellagra

A

a disease characterized by scaly sores, mucosal changes and mental symptoms

54
Q

Nicotinic Acid is associated with?

A

Niacin/Vitamin B3

55
Q

skin seizure is another name for what disease

A

pellagra

56
Q

what are the 3 D’s of pellagra?

A
  1. Dermatitis
  2. Diarrhea
  3. Dementia (neuron degeneration)
57
Q

define Dermatitis

A

Flakey skin

* Pellagra may actually be a complex disorder involving thiamine, riboflavin and other nutrients

58
Q

sources of Vitamin C?

A

milk, fruits, and vegetables

59
Q

functions of Vit C?

A

1) Collagen synthesis

2) Vascular integrity and elasticity

60
Q

Deficiency disease of Vit C called?

A

scurvy

61
Q

define scurvy and its symptoms

A
  • can be seen in USA, mainly in autistic kids
  • -Much more dramatic in children
  • Skeletal changes in children similar to rickets
  • Membranes and endochondral bone formation is disrupted
  • Bowed legs
  • corkscrew hair
62
Q

scurvy can secondarily cause?

A

1) bacterial periodontal infection
2) hemorrhage
- - Periungual aka warts
- - Gingival swelling and bleeding

63
Q

scurvy primarily affects what part of the mouth?

A

gingiva

64
Q

T or F… Vit C deficiency is common?

***Give example of diet

A

FALSE

  • Unusual except in very strict or unusual diets
    • The original “Zen macrobiotic diet” induced some cases and deaths from scurvy
65
Q

corkscrew hair is associated with with Vit deficiency?

A

Vit C

66
Q

hair probs are seen in what diseases?

A

Vit C deficiency, and SEM/PAM (Kwashiorkor) and anorexia

67
Q

zinc is a ___ element

A

trace elements

68
Q

zinc is needed in what amount?

A

Less than 1 ug/gm of wet tissue

69
Q

Zinc deficiency symptoms

A

1) Acrodermatitis enteropathica
- -distinctive rash around mouth and anus
2) Infertility
3) Growth retardation

70
Q

define Obesity

A

Increased accumulation of body fat above a particular standard
** BMI > 30 kg/m (normal < 25 kg/m)

71
Q

BMI is calculated how?

A

Weight in kilograms divided by the square of your height in meters

72
Q

define Central obesity

A

fat accumulation primarily in trunk (abdomen)

73
Q

does central or general obesity have higher risks of diseases?

A

Central obesity has higher risk of many diseases than general obesity

74
Q

T or F… obesity has a major genetic component

A

true

75
Q

List diseases obese people are at high risk of getting?

A

1) Diabetes -type II
2) Hypertriglyceridemia and low HDLs = increased risk of coronary artery disease
3) Cholelithiasis -gall stones
4) Hypoventilation syndrome (Pickwickian syndrome) -respiratory abnormalities
5) Osteoarthritis -due to wear and tear of joints
6) Increased risk of stroke and cancer

76
Q

define Cholelithiasis

A

formation of gall stones

77
Q

Hypertriglyceridemia and low HDLs increases your risk of ______ disease?

A

coronary artery disease

78
Q

Atherosclerosis can be postponed by reducing _____ intake?

A

saturated fat intake

79
Q

You can replace saturated fats in your diet with?

A

unsaturated fats (fish, poly and mono-unsaturated vegetable oils)

80
Q

fix Hypertension by?

A

decreasing sodium intake, exercise, medication

81
Q

Garlic may help what organ?

A

heart

82
Q

fiber helps what organ?

A

colon, reduced diverticulosis of colon

83
Q

Sodium nitrite (and nitrates via transformation to nitrosamines and nitrosamides) may promote what cancers?

A

gastric and pancreatic cancers

84
Q

High animal fat with low fiber may promote?

A

colonic cancer

85
Q

What are Theoretical Anticarcinogens?

A

Vitamin C, E, A and selenium (antioxidants)

86
Q

what causes sudden death in anorexic ppl?

A

cardiac arrhythmia

87
Q

zinc deficiency and lead toxicity both have negative affects on?

A

reproductive system (causes infertility)

Pathology 1 (21 decks)

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