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MCAT Psy/Socio > 6A: Anatomy of sensory perception > Flashcards

6A: Anatomy of sensory perception Flashcards

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1
Q

CONES:

a) Detection type
b) Sensitivity ( function best in)
c) Location
d) Recovery time

A

a) Color
b) Low ( Function best in bright light)
c) Macula and Fovea
d) Fast

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2
Q

Rods:

a) Detection type
b) Sensitivity ( function best in)
c) Location
d) Recovery time

A

a) Black and white
b) High ( function even in dim light)
c) Peripheral of the retina
d) Slow

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3
Q

Rhodopsin

A

Light sensitive receptor protein contained in Rods

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4
Q

Photopsin

A

Light sensitive receptor protein contained in Cones

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5
Q

Retina

A

Binds to opsin protein, rearrange go from cis to trans retinal upon light exposure

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6
Q

Transducin

A

Protein in rods and cones

Attached to rhodopsin until exposed to light, upon which it detaches and becomes active

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7
Q 
Visual field summary: 
Central( Fovea)
a) High density 
b) Light condition 
c) Perception 
d) Light sentivity acuity
A

a) Cones
b) Bright
c) Color and detail perception
d) Low/ High acuity

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8
Q 
Visual field summary: 
Peripheral
a) High density 
b) Light condition 
c) Perception 
d) Light sentivity acuity
A

a) Rods
b) Dim
c) Motion
d) High/ Low

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9
Q

Which organ in the vestibular system detects angular acceleration

A

Semicircular canal filled with endolymph –> Rotation causes endolymph to shift within canals

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10
Q

Which organ in the vestibular system detects linear acceleration and head?

A

Otolith organs (utricle and saccule) detects- hair cell with calcium crystal

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11
Q

Causes of dizziness and vertigo

A

endolymph continues to move briefly after cessation of movement

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12
Q

Eye anatomy: Cornea

A

a transparent layer of eyes: refract incoming light

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13
Q

Eye anatomy: Iris

a) Control
b) Divide the front of the eye into
c) Contain which muscle

A

The colored part of the eye- thin circular structure that
controls the diameter of the pupil ( amount of light reaching the retina
b) Anterior and Posterior
c) Dilator and Constrictor

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14
Q

Eye anatomy: Lens

A

Assisting the cornea in refracting light to be focused on retina

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15
Q

Eye anatomy: Aqueous humour

a) Produced by which cell
b) Fill what of the eyes

A

a) Ciliary epithelium

b) anterior and posterior chambers of the eyes

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16
Q

Eye anatomy: Vitreous humour

a) Produced by which cell
b) Fill what of the eyes

A

a) ciliary body

b) Vitreous body ( the space between lens and retina)

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17
Q

Eye anatomy: Conjunctiva

A

Tissue that lines the inside of the eyelids and covers the sclera

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18
Q

Eye anatomy: Sclera

A

Opaque, fibrous, outer layer of eye that is white

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19
Q

Eye anatomy: Suspensory ligaments

A

Connects the ciliary body with the crystalline lens of the eye

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20
Q

Eye anatomy: Retina

A

The innermost tissue within the eye, sensitive to light

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21
Q

Eye anatomy: Macula

A

Oval-shaped pigmented area near the center of the retina

Responsible for central, high-resolution, color vision

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22
Q

Eye anatomy: Fovea

A

Small, central part of the macula containing only cones

Responsible for visual detail

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23
Q

Eye anatomy: Choroid

A

Vascular layer of eye between the retina and sclera

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24
Q

Eye: Phototransduction cascade

A

Light in the eyes–> Rods and Cones–> Optic nerve–> Optic Chiasm–> Optic tract–> Lateral Geniculate nucleus–> Visual cortex

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25
Visual mapping in the brain
Due to Optic Chiasm, right visual field is received by the left side of the brain
26
Trichromatic theory of color vision
Color vision is receptive to 3 different types of photoreceptor: Red, green, and blue
27
Opponent process theory of color vision
Color information from cones is combined such that we perceive three opposing pairs Black/White Blue/ Yellow Red/ Green
28
Color is detected by?
CONE
29
Form is detected by which pathway
Detection by Parvocellular pathway, which is responsible for perception of finer detail, such as form and color
30
Motion is detected by which pathway
Detection by Magnocellular pathway, which is responsible for perception of coarses detail, such as depth and motion
31
What is parallel processing?
Ability of the brain to simultaneously process various components (e.g. color, motion) of a visual stimulus, allowing the brain to divide stimuli into four features - color, motion, shape, and depth/distance
32
Component of the outer ear?
Pinna (auricle), external auditory canal, tympanic membrane
33
Component of the middle ear?
Connected to nasopharynx via Eustachian tube | Contains ossicles
34
Ossicle
Malleus, incus, and stapes | Footplate of stapes rests in oval window of cochlea
35
Component of the inner ear?
Contains bony labyrinth and membranous labyrinth | Responsible for sound detection and balance
36
Inner ear anatomy: Bony labyrinth
Filled with perilymph | Comprised of three components: vestibule of the ear, semicircular canals, and the cochlea
37
Membranous labyrinth
Contained within the bony labyrinth. Consists of the utricle and saccule, two membranous sacs, plus ducts within the cochlea and semicircular canal Ducts are filled with endolymph
38
Cochlea
Translates vibrations into neural impulses | Sends signals to the auditory nerve which transmits to the medial geniculate nucleus
39
Organ of corti
Located within the cochlea and contains hair cells
40
Semicircular canals
Main function is to regulate balance | Part of the vestibular system
41
Auditory pathway (distal)
Outer ear (pinna, external auditory canal, tympanic membrane) → middle ear (ossicles) → inner ear (cochlea, semicircular canals, utricle/saccule → auditory nerve
42
Auditory pathway (proximal)
Auditory nerve (part of vestibulocochlear nerve) → medial geniculate nucleus (MGN) → auditory cortex
43
Superior olive
Function is to localize sound | Located in the brain stem
44
Inferior colliculus
Function is startle reflex | Component of vestibulo-ocular reflex, which keeps eyes fixed on single point as head rotates
45
Place theory
Theory that the perception of different pitches is due to various frequencies activating different portions of the cochlea basilar membrane Hair cells at the base of the basilar membrane are activated by high frequency sounds, whereas hair cells at the apex are activates by low frequency sounds
46
Basilar tuning
Place theory in practice, whereby hair cells in the cochlea are preferentially activated at specific frequencies, allowing the brain to distinguish between high and low frequency sounds Hair cells at base of cochlea are activated by high frequency sounds Hair cells at apex of cochlea are activated by low frequency sounds
47
Primary auditory cortex
Brain region that processes auditory information | Located within the temporal lobe
48
Tonotopical mapping
Neurons within the auditory cortex are organized according to the frequency of sound to which they respond best
49
Pheromone
Chemical signal that triggers an innate response in members of the same species
50
Anosmia
Inability to perceive odor
51
Vibrational theory of olfaction
Vibrational frequency of a molecule is responsible for its specific odor profile
52
Steric theory of olfaction
Also known as shape theory, this asserts that odorous molecules fit into receptors similar to a lock-and-key mechanism
53
Olfactory epithelium
Specialized epithelium inside nasal cavity that contains olfactory receptor neurons
54
Olfactory bulb
Specialized region of brain that receives sensations of smell Input = olfactory receptor neurons of olfactory epithelium
55
Olfactory bulb projections
Olfactory bulb projects directly to the amygdala and hippocampus Unlike other senses, olfaction bypasses the thalamus
56
Cribiform plate
Portion of ethmoid bone with small holes called the olfactory foramina, allowing passage of the olfactory nerves Olfactory bulb sits atop the cribriform plate
57
Taste bud
Contain gustatory cells | Provides for detection of all 5 tastes anywhere on the tongue
58
Types of taste buds
``` Three types of taste buds. Mnemonic: Fun in the front = fungiform, foliage on the sides = foliate, Circle around the back = circumvallate Fungiform papillae (anterior) Foliate papillae (side) Circumvallate papillae (posterior) ```
59
Filiform papillae
Do not contain taste buds Located all over tongue, most densely at the center of the tongue, accounting for the lack of taste sensation in this region
60
Nerve innervation
Anterior 2/3 of tongue sends taste signals via the VII cranial nerve Posterior 1/3 of tongue via the IX (glossopharyngeal) and X (vagus) cranial nerves
61
GPCR receptors
Utilized in sweet, umami, and bitter taste profiles
62
Ion Channels
Utilized in salty and sour taste profiles

MCAT Psy/Socio (17 decks)

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