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MCAT Psy/Socio > 6C: Behavior > Flashcards

6C: Behavior Flashcards

(47 cards)

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1
Q

Brain Anatomy: Internal capsule

A

White matter structure that transmits motor signals through the corticospinal pathway

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2
Q

Brain Anatomy: Corpus Callosum

A

White matter structure that connects the two hemispheres

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3
Q

Hemispheric lateralization: right hemisphere

A

visuospatial, emotion, artistic/musical processing

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4
Q

Left hemisphere

A

linguistic and analytical processing

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5
Q

Stretch reflex

A

Muscle contacts to being stretched while the antagonist muscle relax, to regulate muscle strength

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6
Q

Lower motor neuron signs

A

Abnormalities–> fasciculations, decrease muscle tones, and decreased reflexes

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7
Q

Upper motor neuron signs

A

Abnormalities–> clonus, extensor plantar response, increase muscle tones and increase reflexes

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8
Q

Clonus

A

Rhythmic contractions of antagonistic muscles

the ankle dorsiflexes and plantarflexes involuntarily back and forth in quick succession

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9
Q

Hypertonia ( muscle tension vs muscle strength)

A

Increase tone of skeletal muscle= increase muscle tension but decrease muscle strength

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10
Q

Extensor plantar response

A

Hard object scraped on bottom of foot results in extension and abduction of toes=babinski reflex

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11
Q

Endocrine anatomy: Hypothalamus

A

Links the central nervous system and the endocrine system via the pituitary gland

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12
Q

Endocrine anatomy: Anterior Pituitary gland

A

Anterior produces FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, prolactin, Endorphins, GH

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13
Q

Post Pituitary gland

A

ADH, oxytocin

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14
Q

Thyroid gland

A

regulate body metabolism

produce T3 and T4

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15
Q

Parathyroid glands

A

Four glands–> produce parathyroid hormones–> regulate Calcium

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16
Q

Adrenal glands: Cortex: responsible for

A

producing aldosterone, cortisol, and androgens

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17
Q

Adrenal glands: Medulla: responsible for

A

Producing epinephrine and norepinephrine

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18
Q

Gonalds

A

Female: the ovaries, and in males, the testes

Stimulated by FSH/LH to release sex hormones

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19
Q

Pancreas

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A

Regulate blood sugar

20
Q

3 major areas of the frontal lobe

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A

1) motor cortex ( body movement)
2) prefrontal cortex ( executive function)
3) Broca’s area ( speech production)

21
Q

2 functions of Parietal lobe

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A

1) Somatosensory cortex ( touch/pressure/pain)

2) spatial manipulation ( 3D orientation)

22
Q

Occipital lobe

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A

responsible for visual input

23
Q

3 functions of temporal lobe

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A

1) sound
2) Wernicke’s area ( language comprehension)
3) memory/emotion

24
Q

Primary and secondary visual cortex

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A

The primary visual cortex, located in the occiptal lobe, processes direct visual input from the retinas.
The secondary visual cortex then further processes information from the primary cortex.

25
Prefrontal cortex
Develops during adolescence Regulates high level executive functions like planning, decision making, considering the future Anterior portion of the frontal lobe
26
Cerebellum
Located under the cerebrum Primary functions: coordinates movement and regulates sense of position Abnormalities in the cerebellum will cause loss of balance
27
Brainstem | 3 parts of the brain stem and overall function
midbrain/pon/medulla | regulate arousal/alterness
28
Pons
regulate waking/relaxing
29
Medulla
Regulates autonomic activity of the heart and lungs
30
CT scan
Series of X-rays to that are combined into a composite image to create three dimensional image Compared to MRI: Lower resolution than MRI, not as good for soft tissue detail, but much faster and better for bony structures
31
MRI
Radiowaves with magnetic fields to disrupt orientation of atoms. Realignment results in signals used to create MRI three dimensional imaging Slower than CT scan, but higher resolution and better for soft tissue
32
EEG
non-invasive Used to measure brain electrical activity Can give information about seizures or sleep stages
33
Magnetoencephalogram (MEG)
Measures brain electrical activity like EEG | Compared to EEG: higher resolution, but requires large machine and special room
34
fMRI
Form of MRI that allows for visualization of which regions of brain are active Measures relative amounts of oxygenated versus deoxygenated blood in the brain, thus allowing us to determine what brain areas are being used for a given task
35
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
Combined with CT or MRI, allow for visualization of cellular activity Provide radioactive drug (tracer) and see where the tracer is located after certain period of time
36
Location of upper motor neurons
Located in the brain and the spinal cord
37
Lower motor neurons
synapse between the PNS and skeletal muscle, forming a neuromuscular junction
38
Neurotransmitter: Glutamate
The reticular activating system has diffuse projections of glutamate to the cerebral cortex Associated with increased cortical arousal
39
GABA and Glycine
Most common inhibitory neurotransmitters | GABA is found in the brain while glycine is found in the spinal cord
40
Acetylcholine
High concentration in nucleus basalis and septal nuclei of the frontal lobe Released in the neuromuscular junction of lower motor neurons
41
Histamine
High concentration in hypothalamus with projections to the cerebral cortex
42
Norepinephrine
High concentration in the brainstem in the pons, specifically the locus coeruleus Also located in the autonomic nervous system, but at lower concentrations compared to acetylcholine
43
Serotonin
High concentration in the brainstem at the raphe nuclei
44
Dopamine
High concentration in ventral tegmental area and substantia nigra Low concentration of dopamine in the striatum leads to Parkinson's disease Associated with experience of pleasure, and contributes to maintenance of addictive behaviors
45
Amino acid neurotransmitters
Amino acid neurotransmitters Excitatory neurotransmitters: glutamate Inhibitory neurotransmitters: GABA (in the CNS) and glycine (in the PNS)
46
Monoamine neurotransmitters
Include catecholamines, including epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine Contain one amino group connected to an aromatic ring by a two-carbon chain
47
Peptide neurotransmitters
Opioids (such as endorphins), which are involved in the perception of pain

MCAT Psy/Socio (17 decks)

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