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Nutrition 2 (Semester I) > 6b. Endocrine Health - Diabetes > Flashcards

6b. Endocrine Health - Diabetes Flashcards

(55 cards)

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1
Q

What are GLUT proteins?

A

Facilitate transport of glucose

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2
Q

What does GLUT1 do?

A

Basal glucose uptake without insulin

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3
Q

What does GLUT2 do?

A

Mediates glycolysis and gluconeogenesis

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4
Q

What does GLUT4 do?

A

Glucose uptake with insulin
Can increase glucose uptake 20-30 fold

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5
Q

What is diabetes mellitus?

A

Group of metabolic disorders with persistent hyperglycaemia caused by deficient insulin secretion, resistance to insulin or both

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6
Q

What is T1D?

A

AI
Absolute insulin deficiency

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7
Q

What is T2D?

A

Insulin resistance (with/without)
Relative insulin deficiency

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8
Q

What is pre-diabetes?

A

Hyperglycaemia
Increased risk of T2D and metabolic syndrome

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9
Q

What is gestational diabetes?

A

Develops during pregnancy
Normally resolves

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10
Q

What is a normal reading for fasting blood glucose?

A

Below 5.5 nmol/L

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11
Q

What is a pre-diabetic reading for fasting blood glucose?

A

5.5 - 6.9 nmol/L

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12
Q

What is a diabetes reading for fasting blood glucose?

A

> 7.0 nmol/L

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13
Q

What is a normal reading for an HbA1c test?

A

Below 42 mmol/mol

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14
Q

What is a pre-diabetic reading for an HbA1c test?

A

42 - 47 mmol/mol

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15
Q

What is a diabetic reading for an HbA1c test?

A

> 48 mmol/mol

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16
Q

Signs/symptoms of T2D

A

Increased urination
Excessive thirst
Excessive hunger
Extreme fatigue
Obesity
Acanthosis nigricans
Blurry vision
Poor wound healing
Recurrent infections

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17
Q

Complications of T2D

A

CVD
Hypertension
Stroke
Elevated homocysteine
Retinopathy
Peripheral neuropathy
AZD

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18
Q

Causes/risk factors of T2D

A

Family history
Ethnicity - Asian, African, Afro-Caribbean
Advancing age
Diet - high GL, alcohol, high saturated fat, low fibre, low AO
Nutrient deficiencies - C, E, B3, B5, B6, Mg, Cr, Zn, O3
Obesity
Reduced physical activity
High oxidative stress
Chronic stress
Mitochondria dysfunction - increased ROS, decreased GLUT4
Poor methylation - high homocysteine, hypertension, high triglycerides
Pre-diabetes

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19
Q

How is gut dysbiosis implicated in T2D?

A

Drive inflammatory processes
Modulate SCFA production
Alter intestinal permeability
Cause metabolic endotoxaemia increasing circulating LPS

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20
Q

Which bacteria strains have been found to be protective against T2D?

A

Bifidobacterium
Faecalibacterium
Akkermansia
Roseburia

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21
Q

Which bacteria strains have been found to increase the risk of T2D?

A

Ruminococcus
Fusobacterium
Blautia
Generally low diversity overall

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22
Q

Naturopathic approaches to supporting T2D

A

Low GL meals/low carb diet - control blood glucose/lower IL-6
Increase fibre - slower release of glucose
Increase protein
Avoid refined carbs and snacks
Avoid inflammatory foods
Increase AO foods
Address dysbiosis - Lactobacillus acidphillus
Calorie restriction
Address stress
Sleep hygiene

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23
Q

Nutrients to support T2D

Study These Flashcards
A

Mg
Zn
B vits
D, C, E
Chromium
EFAs
CoQ10
Alpha lipoic acid

24
Q

Herbs to support T2D

Study These Flashcards
A

Panax ginseng
Fenugreek seeds
Onions
Garlic
Cinnamon

25
Why is chromium important in supporting T2D?
Component of chromodulin, a protein that increases the sensitivity of tyrosine kinase which enhances the glucose uptake from GLUT4 cell receptors May reduce carb cravings
26
Examples of chromium rich foods
Eggs Turkey Broccoli Barley Oats
27
Supplement dosage of chromium in supporting T2D
200-1000mcg/day
28
Why is alpha lipoic acid important in supporting T2D?
AO - reducing oxidative stress/inflammation Improves insulin sensitivity by increasing GLUT4 translocation to cell membranes
29
Examples of alpha lipoic rich foods
Broccoli Brussel sprouts Spinach Potato Carrots Beets Tomatoes Peas Red meat
30
Supplement dosage of alpha lipoic acid in supporting T2D
200-600mg/day
31
Why is cinnamon important in supporting T2D?
Enhances insulin sensitivity Promotes insulin release
32
Why is Mg important in supporting T2D?
Regulates insulin activity Modules cell membrane glucose transport
33
Supplement dosage for Mg in supporting T2D
200-400mg/day
34
Why is vit D important in supporting T2D?
Insulin sensitivity - activates transcription of insulin gene Beta cell function Systemic inflammation
35
Why is myo-inositol important in supporting T2D?
Reduces blood glucose and insulin levels by improving insulin cell signalling
36
Supplement dosage for myo-inositol in supporting T2D
Up to 4g/day
37
Why is biotin important in supporting T2D?
Improve blood glucose control Increases activity of glucokinase enzyme
38
Supplement dosage of biotin to support T2D
1-2mg/day
39
Why are EPA and DHA important in supporting T2D?
Improves insulin sensitivity Improves GLUT4 glucose transporter translocation into cell membranes Reduces systemic inflammation
40
Supplement dosage of EPA/DHA to support T2D
3g/day
41
Why is Zn important in supporting T2D?
Increased urinary loss due to hyperglycaemia Regulates insulin receptor responses Co-factor for AO enzymes
42
Supplement dosage for Zn in supporting T2D
15-20mg/day
43
Why is CoQ10 important in supporting T2D?
Deficiency can lead to reduced glucose metabolism and insulin resistance Cell respiration (ETC)
44
Supplement dosage of CoQ10 in supporting T2D
100-200mg/day
45
Why is berberine important in supporting T2D?
Decreases gluconeogenesis Facilitates GLUT4 translocation Reduces expression of proinflammatory genes Modulates microbiome Increases AMPK activity of islet cells
46
Why are reishi mushrooms important in supporting T2D?
Gandoderic acids increase insulin secretion and decrease insulin resistance
47
Why is milk thistle important in supporting T2D?
Reduces fasting glucose Improves liver function Protective against NAFLD
48
In which gender is T1D more common?
Men
49
How many years can T1D reduce life expectancy by?
11-15
50
Signs/symptoms of T1D
Similar to T2D but more severe and faster onset
51
Why can hypoglycaemia occur in T1D?
Missing meals Over-exercising Excess anti-diabetic medication
52
What does T1D increase the risk of?
Other AI diseases - Grave's, Hashimoto's, coeliac disease
53
Causes/risk factors of T1D
Genetics - polymorphisms (HLA-DR/DQ gene) Stress Viral infections Obesity Early intake of gluten C-section Nitrates - smoked/cured meats Vit D deficiency O3 deficiency - promotes inflammation Gut dysbiosis/intestinal permeability Elevated zonulin
54
How is T1D monitored at home?
Glucose monitoring devices - Freestylelibre, Dexcom
55
Naturopathic approaches to supporting T1D
Same as for T2D Support blood glucose balance Restore nutrient deficiencies - vit D, O3 Optimise gut health Reduce stress Increase exercise Improve sleep Reduce inflammation Remove allergic triggers

Nutrition 2 (Semester I) (15 decks)

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