6B: Making Sense of the Enviroment Flashcards
(198 cards)
1
Q
attention
A
refers to concentrating on one aspect of the sensory environment, sensorium
2
Q
selective attention
A
focusing on one part of the sensorium while ignoring other stimuli, acts as filter
3
Q
cocktail party phenomenon
A
while engaged in convo/paying attention, and you perceive that your name is being called
4
Q
divided attention
A
ability to perform multiple tasks at the same time
5
Q
controlled, effortful processing
A
most new or complex tasks require this type of undivided attention
6
Q
automatic processing
A
familiar or routine tasks, permits brain to focus on other tasks with divided attention
7
Q
cognition
A
looks at how our brains process and react to the incredible info overload presented to us by the world
8
Q
information processing model
A
four key components:
9
Q
cognitive developement
A
development of ability to think and solve problems across the lifespan
10
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Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development
A
4 stages: SPCF
11
Q
sensorimotor
A
first stage, 0-2 yrs, learn to manipulate his or her environment in order to meet physical needs, circular rxns start, development of object permanence
12
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circular reactions (S phase)
A
repetitive behaviors, primary is body movement, secondary is focused on something outside the body
13
Q
object permanence
A
understanding that objects continue to exist even when out of view, marks beginning of representational thought
14
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representational thought
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child has begun to create mental representations of external objects/events
15
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preoperational
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2-7, symbolic thinking, egocentrism, centration
16
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circular reactions (S phase)
A
…
17
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egocentrism
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inability to imagine what other person may think or feel
18
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centration
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tendency to focus on only one aspect of phenomenon, inability to understand conservation (go for slices of pizza vs. quantity)
19
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concrete operational
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7-11, understand conservation, consider perspectives of others, engage in logical thought, can’t think abstractly
20
Q
formal operational
A
11+, think logically about abstract ideas, ability to reason about abstract concepts/problem solve
21
Q
symbolic thinking
A
refers to ability to play pretend, make believe, imagination
22
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adaptation
A
new info processed via this, two complementary processes: assimilation, accomodation
23
Q
schema
A
organized patterns of behavior and thought, include concept (what is a dog?), behavior, seq. of events
24
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assimilation
A
process of classifying new info in existing schema
25
accommodation
process by which existing schemata are modified to encompass new info
26
role of culture in cognitive development (3)
1. Sociocultural perspective
27
Sociocultural perspective
How we develop, particularly how we learn and think, is primarily a function of the social and cultural environment in which an individual is reared
28
Lev Vygotsky
says engine driving cog dev is child's internalization of her culture
29
fluid intelligence
consists of problem solving skills, peaks in early adulthood
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crystallized intelligence
related to use of learned skills and knowledge, peaks in middle adulthood
31
dementia
begins with impaired memory, then impaired judgement and confusion, personality changes are common, loss of cog fxn, memory loss, atrophy of brain
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delirium
rapid fluctuation in cog fxn that is reversible and caused by medical causes
33
heredity factors on cog dev (3)
1. Certain genetic defects have a decrease in intelligence
34
Environmental effect on cognitive development (3)
1. Severe malnutrition during pre/post natal decreases cognitive development
35
Biological factors affecting cognitive development (4)
1. Sense organs
36
mental set
1st barrier to problem solving, potential solutions may be derived from a this, tendency to approach problems in the same way
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functional fixedness
2nd barrier of problem solving, inability to consider how to use an object in a nontraditional way
38
confirmation bias
3rd, preferring info that confirms preexisting positions or beliefs while ignoring contradictory evidence
39
trial-and-error
less sophisticated, various solns tried until one works
40
algorithms
formula/procedure for solving certain type of problem
41
deductive reasoning
top down, starts from general rules, draws conclusions from info given
42
inductive reasoning
bottom up, seeks to create a theory via generalizations (specific instances and then conclusion)
43
heuristics
simplified principles used to make decision, rules of thumb
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availability heuristics
4th, used when we try to decide how likely something is, we make decisions based on how easily similar instances can be imagined
45
representativeness heuristic
5th, involves categorizing items on the basis of whether they fit in prototypical, stereotypical, or representative image of that category
46
base rate fallacy
using prototypical/stereotypical factors while ignoring actual numerical info
47
disconfirmation principle
evidence obtained from testing demonstrated that the solution does not work
48
overconfidence
tendency to erroneously interpret one's decisions, knowledge, beliefs as infallible
49
multiple intelligences
seven defined types: linguistic, logical/math, musical, visual/spatial, bodily/kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal
50
intelligence quotient
used to measure intelligence, stanford binet IQ test. mental age/chronlogical age \* 100, gifted is 130+
51
4 theories of intelligence
General Intelligence
52
General Intelligence
Intelligence is a general cognitive ability that could be measured and numerically expressed
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3 factors composing triarchic theory
1. Analytical intelligence
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Analytical intelligence
Component of triarchic theory involved in problem solving
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Creative intelligence
Component of triarchic theory involving the ability to deal with new situations using past experience and current skills
56
Practical intelligence
Component of triarchic theory referring to the ability to adapt to a changing environment
57
Heredity and Intelligence (3)
1. Genetic markers on chromosomes 4, 6, 12
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5 environmental influences on intelligence
Family
59
Significantly subaverage intellectual functioning that occurs with related limitations
Mental retardation
60
Causes of mental retardation
1/3 have biological cause
61
4 States of Consciousness
Alertness
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alertness
awake and able to think, maintained by pre frontal cortex and reticular formation, beta waves
63
sleep
unconscious state, studied by recording EEG
64
beta waves
high freq, person is alert/attending to task, neurons are randomly firing
65
alpha waves
awake but relaxing with eyes closed, slower, more synchronized
66
stage 1
theta waves, irregular wave forms, slower freq, higher voltages
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stage 2
sleep spindles, k complexes
68
stage 3 & 4
slow wave sleep, eeg activity slow, only few sleep waves per second, high voltage, low freq delta waves. 1-4 are NREM, declarative memory consolidation
69
REM sleep
arousal levels reach wakefulness, muscles paralyzed, dreaming occurs, memory consolidation, procedural memory consolidation
70
sleep cycle
refers to single complete progression through sleep stages
71
changes in sleep cycle (2)
over lifespan, length of sleep cycle increases from 50 min in children to 90 minutes in adults
72
circadian rhythms
interally generated rhythms that regulate daily cycle of waking and sleeping, approx. 24 hours
73
melatonin
seratonin derived hormone from pineal gland, retina connected to pineal gland that triggers release
74
cortisol
steroid hormone in adrenal cortex, related to sleep wake cycle, contributes to wakefulness
75
corticotropin releasing factor
released from hypothalamus bc of increasing light, causes release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
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adenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
anterior pituitary, stimulates cortisol release
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dreaming
75% occurs in REM (longer/vivid), mental experience starts to shift to dreamlike state after stage 2
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activation synthesis theory
dreams are caused by widespread, random activation of neural circuitry
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problem-solving dream theory
dreams are way to solve problems while sleeping
80
cognitive process dream theory
merely sleeping counterpart of stream of consciousness
81
neurocognitive models of dreaming
seek to unify bio and psych perspectives of dreaming by correlating the subject, cognitive experience of dreaming with measurable physiological changes
82
sleep disorders
two types: dyssomnias & parasomnias, usually occur in NREM
83
dyssomnias
disorders that make it difficult to fall asleep, stay asleep, avoid sleep: insomnia, narcolepsy, sleep apnea
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parasomnias
abnormal movements or behaviors during sleep: night terrors & sleepwalking
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insomnia
difficulty falling asleep/staying asleep, most common, related to anxiety, depression, medications, disruptions of sleep cycles/circadian rhythms
86
narcolepsy
characterized by lack of voluntary control over the onset of sleep
87
cataplexy
loss of muscle control and sudden intrusion of REM sleep during waking hours caused by emotional trigger
88
sleep paralysis
sensation of being unable to move while being awake
89
hypnagogic/hypnopmpic hallucinations
hallucinations when going to sleep or awakening
90
sleep apnea
inability to breathe during sleep: obstructive - physical blockage in pharynx/trachea, central: occurs whn brain fails to send signals to diaphragm to breathe
91
night terrors
periods of intense anxiety that occur during SWS, difficult to wake from/don't remember in morning
92
sleepwalking/sonambulism
SWS, no recollection of event
93
sleep deprivation
little as one night w/o sleep or multiple nights with poor quality/short sleep
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REM rebound
earlier onset and greater duration of REM sleep compared to normal after deprivation
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hypnosis
state in which a person appears to be in control of his or her normal functions, but highly suggestible state
96
hypnotic induction
hypnotists seeks to relax the subject and increase the subject's level of concentration
97
meditation
usually involves quieting of mind for spiritual, religious, or relayed to stress reduction reasons, stage 1 sleep waves - theta/alpha
98
depressants
reduce nervous system activity, resulting in same sense of relaxation and reduced anxiety
99
alcohol
increases GABA receptor (Cl channel that causes hyperpolarization of the membrane) causes brain inhibition, diminished arousal. increase dopamine level
100
alcohol myopia
short sighted view of the world, inability to recognize consequences of actions
101
Wernicker-Korsakoff Syndrome
caused by deficiency of thiamine (b1), memory impairment, changes in mental status, loss of motor skills, can be consequence of alc. marked by retrograde and anterograde amnesia, confabulation
102
barbiturates
historically used as anxiety reducing and sleep meds (amobarbital, phenobarabital) replaced by benzodiazepines, both increase GABA activity (relaxation), highly addictive
103
benzodiazepines
replace barbiturates, less prone to OD (alprazolam, lorazepam, diazepam, clonazepam)
104
stimulants
causes increase in arousal in nervous system, increase freq of action potentials
105
amphetamines
increased arousal by increasing release of dopamine, NE, serotonin at synapse, decrease reuptake. reduction in appetite, decreased need for sleep, inc heart rate/BP, euphoria, being on edge (hypervigilance), anxiety, delusions of grandeur, paranoia
106
cocaine
coca plant, purified from leaves or created synthetically. dec. reuptake of dopa, NE, serotpnin by diff mechanism, anesthetic/vasoconstrictive props. crack is smoking form
107
ecstasy (MDMA)
hallucinogen combined with amphetamine, inc heart rate, BP, blurry vision, sweating, nausea, hyperthermia, euphoria, alertness, sense of well being/connectedness
108
opium
natural forms are opiates (morphine, codeine), semisynthetic derivatives are opioids (oxycodone, hydrocodone, heroin) decreased rxn to pain and sense of euphoria
109
heroin
body metabolizes it to morphine
110
hallucinogens
LSD, complex interaction between various NTs esp. serotonin. distortions of reality and fantasy, enhacement of sensory experience, introspection, inc heart rate/BP, dilation of pupils, sweating, inc body temp
111
marijuana
active chemical is THC, act on cannabinoid receptors, glycine receps, opioid receps, THC increases GABA activity and dopamine
112
drug addiction
related to mesolimbic reward pathway - one of 4 dopaminergic pathways.
113
mesolimbic reward pathway
includes nucleus accumbens (NAc), ventral tegmental area (VTA), and connection between them is medial forebrain bundle (MFB). usually for motivation/emotional response but also positive reinforcement for drug use
114
language
fundamental to creation of communities, communication
115
phonology
actual sound of language
116
phonemes
speech sounds in english (40)
117
categorical distinction
ability to make distinction between what different speech sounds represent
118
morphology
refers to structure of word
119
morphemes
work building blocks that connote a meaning
120
semantics
refers to association of meaning with a word
121
syntax
refers to how words are put together to form sentences
122
pragmatics
refers to dependence of language on context and pre existing knowledge
123
prosody
the rhythm, cadence, and inflection of voices, affects pragmatics
124
timeline of language acquistion
9-12mo: babbling
125
errors of growth
child applies grammatical rule in situation where it doesn't apply: runned
126
Types of language development theories (3)
nativist (bio)
127
nativist theory
Chomsky, advocates for existence of some innate capacity for lang
128
transformational grammar
syntactic transformations, aka changes in word order that retain same meaning
129
language acquistion device
innate ability for lang, theoretical pway in brain that allows infants to absorb/process lang rules
130
critical period
for lang acquisition: 2yrs-puberty
131
sensitive period
time when environmental input as maximal effect on development of ability. for lang: onset of puberty
132
learning theory
Skinner, lang acquisition by operant conditioning
133
reinforcement (in regards to LA)
parents/caregivers repeat and reinforce sounds that sound most like the language spoken by the parents/infants see that some sounds have little value bc not reinforced
134
social interactionist theory
lang dev focuses on interplay between biological and social processes. driven by child's desire to communicate and behave in social manner. allows for brain dev in acquisition of language
135
Whorfian hypothesis
linguistic relativity hypothesis: suggests that our perception of reality is determined by the content of language
136
Broca's area
located in the inferior frontal gyrus of frontal lobe, left hemi, controls motor fxn of speech via cxns with motor cortex
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Wernicke's area
located in superior temporal gyrus of temp lobe, left hemi, responsible for lang comprehension.
138
arcuate fasciculus
connects Broca's and Wernicke's
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aphasia
deficit in lang production or comprehension
140
Broca's (expressive) aphasia
speech comprehension intact, but reduced/absent ability to produce spoken lang
141
Wernicke's (receptive) aphasia
motor production/fluency of speech retained, but comprehension is lost
142
conduction aphasia
if arcuate fasiculus is affected, patient can't repeat something that has been said
143
memory
knowledge that we accumulate over our lifetime
144
encoding
process of putting new info into memory
145
automatic processing (Memory)
info gained without effort
146
controlled (effortful) processing (memory)
when one actively works to gain info
147
visual encoding
storing how information looks
148
acoustic encoding
store the way it sounds
149
semantic encoding
put it into meaningful context
150
self reference phenomenon
we best recall info when we put it into the context of our own lives
151
maintenance rehearsal
repetition of info to keep it within working mem or store it into short term then long term mem
152
mnemonics
acronyms/rhyming phrases that provide vivid organization of info we are trying to remember
153
method of loci
involves associating each item in the list with location along a route through a building that is already memorized
154
peg-word
associates numbers with items that rhyme with or resemble the numbers
155
chunking
involves taking individual elements of large list and grouping them together into groups of elements with related meaning
156
sensory memory
most fleeting, first kind includes iconic and echoic
157
iconic memory
visual
158
echoic memory
AUDITORY
159
short-term memory
fades quickly, over course of 30 sec without rehearsal
160
7 +/- 2 rule
capacity of short term memory is approx. 7 items
161
working memory
closely related to short-term memory, enables us to keep a few pieces of info in consciousness simultaneously and manipulate that info. one must integrate short term mem, attention and exec fxn to do this
162
long-term memory
w/ enough rehearsal, info moves from short to long term mem. limitless warehouse for knowledge that we are able to recall on demand
163
elaborative rehearsal
closely tied to self reference effect, ideas that relate to our own lives are more likely to get in LTM
164
implicit (nondeclarative/procedural) memory
consists of skills and conditioned responses. unconsciousretrie
165
explicit (declarative) memory
mems that require conscious recall, two parts: semantic, episodic
166
semantic memory
facts that we know
167
episodic memory
experiences
168
retrieval
process of demonstrating that something that has been learned has been retained
169
recall
retrieval and statement of previously learned info
170
recognition
process of identifying a piece of info that was previously learned, easier than recall
171
relearning
demonstrates that info has been stored in LTM
172
spacing effect
longer amt of time between session of relearning, the greater the retention
173
semantic network
brain idea organization; concepts linked together based on similar meaning
174
spreading activation
one node of semantic network activated, the other linked concepts around it are also unconsciously activated
175
priming
recall is aided by first being presented a word or phrase that is close to the desire semantic memory
176
context effects
common retrieval cue, memory aided by being in physical location where encoding took place
177
state-dependent memory
person's mental state can also affect recall. drunk people who learned something while drunk, recall better while drunk
178
serial position effect
retrieval cue with lists, participants have higher recall for first few and last few items on the list (primacy and recency) after long time, first few items is strong, last few fade
179
forgetting
loss of memorized info
180
Alzheimer's disease
degenerative brain disorder thought to be linked to a loss of acetylcholine in neurons that link to hippocampus. neurofibrillary tangles/beta amyloid plaques. retrograde
181
sundowing
increase in dysfunction in late afternoon/evening
182
retrograde amnesia
loss of previous formed memories
183
anterograde amnesia
inability to form new memories
184
confabulation
process of creating vivid but fabricated memories
185
agnosia
loss of ability to recognize objects, people, or sounds
186
decay
often memories simply lost naturally over time as neurochemical trace of STM fades
187
interference
retrieval error caused by existence of other info
188
proactive interference
old info interfering with new learning
189
retroactive interference
new info causes forgetting of old info
190
aging
doesn't lead to significant memory loss. semantically meaningful info still strong in elderly.
191
prospective memory
remembering to perform a task at some point in the future, intact with age. but time based declines
192
false memories
memories that are fabricated and did not occur
193
misinformation effect
how outside sources effect memory, misinfo can alter recall/how you remember
194
source amnesia
involving confusion between semantic and episodic memory, person remembers the details of an event but confuses context under which details were gained
195
neuroplasticity
neural connections form rapidly in response to stimuli, why brain reorganizes drastically in response to injury.
196
plasticity (in regard to learning and memory)
related closely to learning and memory because as stimuli activate neurons and NTs are released, this neural activity forms a memory trace that causes short term memory
197
synaptic pruning
weak connections broken, strong neural cxns are bolstered. increases efficiency of out brain's ability to process info
198
long term potentiation
as stimulus is repeated (rehearsal) the stimulated neurons become more efficient at releasing their NTs and at the same time receptor sites on other side of synapses increase (inc. receptor density). neurophysiological basis of LTM
