7A continued Flashcards
(142 cards)
1
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biomedical approach
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includes interventions that rally around symptom reduction of psychological disorders
2
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biopsychosocial approach
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assumes there are bio, psych, social components to a person’s behavior
3
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DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders)
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diagnostic tool in US/other countries, compilation of psychological disorders, based on description of symptoms
4
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rates of psychological disorders
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(most to least) any mental disorder, specific phobia, social anxiety, depressive, alcohol, PTSD, general anxiety, panic, bipolar, drug use, antisocial personality, borderline personality, schizo, OCD, agoraphobia, anorexia
5
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schizophrenia
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prototypical psychotic disorder, must have at least 2 psychotic disorder symptoms for 6+ months
6
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psychotic disorder
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suffer from one or more of: delusions, hallucination, disorganized though, disorganized behavior, catatonia, negative symptoms
7
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positive symptoms
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behaviors, thoughts, feelings added to normal behavior ie. hallucinations, delusions, disorg thought/behavior, catatonia
8
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negative symptoms
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absence of normal or desired behavior ie. disturbance of affect and avolition
9
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delusions
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false beliefs discordant with reality and not shared by others in person’s culture and maintained spite of strong evidence to contrary
10
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delusions of reference
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involve believe that common elements in environment are directed toward individual
11
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delusions of persecution
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belief that person is being deliberately interfered with, discriminated against, plotted againt, threatened
12
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delusions of grandeur
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belief that person is remarkable in significant way
13
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thought broadcasting
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one’s thoughts are broadcast directly from head to the world (belief)
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thought insertion
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belieft hat thoughts are being placed in one’s head
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hallucinations
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perceptions that are due to ext stimuli but have compelling sense of reality
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disorganized thought
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loosening of association, exhibted as speech in which ideas shift from one subject to another so you can;t follow train of thought
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NEOLOGISMS
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NEW WORDS
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disorganized behavior
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refers to inability to carry out activity of daily living
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catatonia
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motor behavior such as spontaneous movement and activity may be greatly refused or patient may be rigid, refusing to be moved, or useless bizarre movements (echolalia/echopraxia)
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disturbance of affect
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expression of emotion
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blunting
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severe reduction in intensity of affect expression
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flat affect
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no signs o emotional expression
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inappropriate affect
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AFFECT IS DISCORDANT WITH CONTENT OF INDIVIDUAL’S SPEEch
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avolition
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decreased engagement in purposeful, goal directed actions
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prodromal phase
patient goes through phase characterized by poor adjustment, evidence of deterioration, social withdrawl, role functioning impairment, peculia behavior, inappropriate affect, unusual experiences
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depressive disorders
must meet certain severity and duration
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major depressive disorder
mood disorder, at least major depressive episode
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major depressive episode
period of at least two weeks with at least 5 of the following symptoms: persistent depressed mood, loss of interest in enjoyable activities (anhedonia), appetite disturbances, substantial weight changes, sleep disturbances, decteased energy, feelings of guilt/worthless, bad focus, psychomotor symptoms slowing, suicide/death thoughts
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symptoms of major depressive episode (mnemonic)
SIG E CAPS
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persistent depressive disorder
those who suffer from dysthymia (depressed mood not severe enough to meet criteria of MDE, for at least 2 yrs
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seasonal affective disorder
disorder with seasonal onset
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bright light therapy
patient exposed to bright light to fix abnormal melatonin metabolism
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bipolar disorders
mood disorder characterized by depression and mania
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manic episodes
abnormal persistnet elevated mood lasting 1 week with 3 of the following: distracted, decreased need for sleep, inflated self esteem, racing thoughts, agitation, talky, high risk behavior
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bipolar I disorder
manic episodes with or w/o depressive episodes
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bipolar II disorder
hypomania with at least one depressive episode
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hypomania
doesn't significantly impair functioning/no psychotic features, just more energetic and optimistic
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cyclothymic disorder
combo of hypomanic episodes, periods of dysthymia, but nor severe enough to be MDE
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symptoms of manic episode (mnemonic)
DIG FAST - distractable, insominia, grandiose, flight of ideas, agitation, speech, thoughtlessness
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monoamina, catecholamine theory of depression
too much serotonin or NE in synapse leads to mania while too little is depression
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generalized anxiety disorder
common in pop, disproportionate and persistent worry aabout different things, fatigue, muscle tension, sleep probelsm
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specific phobias
anxeity produced by specific object/situation
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social anxiety disorder
anxiety due to social situations
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agoraphobia
anxiety disorder by fear of being in places or situations where it might be hard to escape
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panic disorder
panic attacks occur repeatedly
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panic attack
apprehension, fear, trembling, sweating, hyperventilation, sense of unreality
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OCD
characterized by obsession (intrusive thoughts and impulses) which produce tension and compulsions (repetitive tasks) that relieve tension
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body dysmorphic disorder
person has unrealistic neg evaluation of personal appearance and attrativeness
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dissociative disorders
persons avoids stress by escaping reality
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dissociative amnesia
characterized by inability to recall past experience, usually from trauma not neurological
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dissociative fugue
sudden, unexpected move or purposeless wandering away from one;s home
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dissociative identity disorder (DID)
two or more personalities that recurrently take control of person's behavior, when components of identity faily to integrate
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depersonalization/derealization disorder
individuals feel detached from their own mnd and body or from surrounds, respectively/ feeling of automation, failure to find one;s reflection
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depersonalization
out of body experience
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derealization
giving the world a dreamlike.insubstantial quality
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somatic symptom disorder
have at least one somatic symptom and is accompanied by disproportionate concerns about its seriousness, devotion of an excessive amount of time and energy to it or elevated levels of anxiety
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illness anxiety disorder
characterized by being consumed with thoughts about having or developing a serious medical condition
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conversion disorders
characterized by unexplained symptoms affective voluntary motor or sensory functions, symptoms generally begin soon after individual experiences stress/trauma
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la belle indifference
surprisingly unconcerned by symptoms
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personality disorder
pattern of behavior that is inflexible and maladaptive, causing distress/impaired function in at least two of the followingL cog, emo, interpersonal fxn, impulse control
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ego-syntonic
meaning that the individual perceives her behavior has normal, correct
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ego-dystonic
indivudal sees illness something thrust upon her that is intursive/bothersome
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general personality disorder
ten personality disorders grouped into three clusters (A & B & C)
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cluster A personality disorders
paranoid, schizotypal, schizoid/WEIRD
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cluster B personality disorders
antisoical, borderline, histrionic, narcisstic/WILD
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cluster C personality disorders
avoidant, dependent, OC/WORRIED
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paranoid personality disorder
pervasive mistrust of others/suspicion regarding motives
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schizotypal
pattern of odd/eccentric thinking - ideas of reference and magical thinking (clairvoyance)
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schizoid
pervasive pattern of detachment from social relationships and restricted range of emotional experession
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antisocial
males >> females, pattern of disregard for and violation of rights of others
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borderline
females >> males, pervasive instability in interpersonal behavior, mood, self-image, fear of abandonment
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splitting
viewing people as either all good or all bad
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histrionic
constant attention seeking behavior
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narcissitc
grandiose sense of self importance or unqiueness, preoccupation with fantasies of success, need for constant admiration and attention
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avoidant
affected person has shyness (extreme) and fear of rejection
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dependent
continuous need for reaasurance
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OC
perfectionist, inflexible, tending to like rules and order
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schizophrenia: biological basis
genetic, trauma at birth (hypoxemia), assc. with xs 5HT
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depressive: bio basis
abnormally high glc metabolism on amygdala, hippocampal atrophy, high levels cortisol, dec NE/serotonin/5HT (production decreased)
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bipolar: bio basis
inc NE, serotonin, genetic (parent has it or if person has multiple sclerosis)
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alzheimer's
dementia characertized by gradual memory loss, disorientation to time and place, problems with abstract thought, tendency to misplace things
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alzheimer's: bio basis
genetic component (mutations in presenilin in chromo 1 & 14, apolipoprotein E in chromo19, beta amyloid precursor protein gon chromo 21), diffuse atrophy in brain (CT/MRI), flattened sulci, bigger ventricles, deficient blood flow in parietal lobes, dec ACh and ChAT (enzyme that makes it), dec metabolism in temporal/parietal, senile plaques of beta amyloid
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parkinson's disease
bradykinesia (slow movement), resting tremor, pill rolling tremor, masklike faces, cogwheel rigidity, shuffling gait
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pill rolling tremor
flexing/extending the fingers while moving thumb back and forth as if rolling something in fingers
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resting tremor
tremor when muscles aren't being used
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masklike faces
facial expression consisting of static expressionless facial deatures, staring eyes, partially open eyes
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cogwheel rigidity
muscle tension that halds movement as examiner attempts to manipulate limb
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shuffling gait
stopped posture
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parkinson's:bio basis
decreased 5HT in substantia nigra (layer of cells that produce 5HT for proper fxing of basal ganglia)
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motivation
purpose, driving force behind actions
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extrinsic motivation
can include rewards for showing a desired behavior or avoiding punishment if desired behavior is not achieved
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intrinsic motivation
driven by interest in task/pure enjoyment
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primary views of motivation
instincts that elicit natural behavior, desire to maintain optimal levels of arousal, drive to reduce uncomfortable states, goal satisfying physiological and psychological needs
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instinct
innate, fixed pattern of behavior in response to stimuli
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instinct theory
ppl driven to do certain behaviors based on evolutionary programmed instincts
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arousal
psychological and physiologixal state of being awake and reactive to stimuli. involves brainstem, ANS, endocrine, vital role in behavior.cog
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arousal theory
people perform actions in order to maintain optimal level of arousal
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Yerkes-Dodson law
postulates u shaped function between level of arousal and performance. performance is worst at extremely hight and low levels of arousal. lower levels better for high cog tasks, high levels good for physical endurance/stamina . simple tasks require slightly higher arousal than complex tasks
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drives
defined as internal states of tension that activate particular behaviors foucsed on goals, don't need external factors to motivate
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primary drives
need for food, water, warmth
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secondary drives
stem from learning, nuturing, love, achievement, aggresion
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drive reduction theory
motivation is based on goal of eliminating uncomfortable states, seek homeostasis to reduce uncomfy internal state
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needs
motivators that influence human behavior, how we allocate our energy/resources to satisfy needs is motivation
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Maslow's hierarchy of needs (5)
certain needs yield greater influence, (bottom to top): physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, self-actualization
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physiological
breathing, food, water, sex, sleep, homeostasis, excretion
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safety
security of body, employment, resources, morality, fam, health, property
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love/belonging
friendship, family, sexual intimacy
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esteem
self esteem, confidence, achievement, respect of others, respect by others
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self-actualization
morality, creativity, spontaneity, problem-solving, lack of prejudice, acceptance of facts
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self-determination theory
SDT emphasizes role of three universal needs: autonomy, competence, relatedness
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autonomy
need to be in control of one's actions/ideas
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competence
need to complete and excel at difficult tasks
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relatedness
need to feel accepted and wanted in relationships
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incentive theory
behavior motivated not by need or arousal but desire to pursue rewards and avoid punishments
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expectancy-value theory
amount of motivation needed to reach a goal is a result of both an individual''s expectation of success in reaching the goal and the degree to which she values succeeding at the goal
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opponent-process theory
explains that when drug is taken repeatedly, body will attempt to counteract effect by changing physiology - it lasts longer than drug resulting in withdrawal symptoms that are opposite of drug effects, creates dependence on drug
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tolerence
decrease in perceived drug over time
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sexual motivation
physiologically: estrogens, progesterone, androgens, smell
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hunger
storngest natural motivations, sheer pleasure of eating = obesity
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social cognition
focuses on ways in which people think about others and how these ideas impact behavior
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attitude
expression of +/- feelings towards ppl, place, thing, event. develop from experience with others which affect opinions/behaviors. ABC
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affective component
refers to way a person feels about something and emotional component of attitude: snakes scare me/i love you
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behavioral component
way person acts in respect to something: avoiding snakes/spending time with fam
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cognitive component
way individual thinks about something: knowing that snakes are dangerous is reason to be afraid and avoid them
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compliance
change in behavior baed on direct request, usually person asking has no actual power
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Foot-in-the door phenomenon
small request made, after gaining compliance a larger request is made
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door in face technique
large request made at first and if refused, smaller request made. usually smaller request is goal
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low ball technique
requestor will get an initial commitment from person and then raise cost of commitment (money, effort, time)
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that's not all technique
individual made offer but before making a decision is told the deal is even better than she expected
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Role-playing effects
Philip Zimbardo's prison study
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Attitudes influence behavior when one (3)
Is affected by personal experience
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Icek Ajzen's theory of planned behavior
Behavioral evaluation/beliefs ? influence one's attitudes ? which affects one's behavior
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normative beliefs
individuals' beliefs about the extent to which other people who are important to them think they should or should not perform particular behaviors
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subjective norms
prediction of intent to behave so predictor of actual behavior
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Attitude to behavior process model
Event triggers one's attitude which affects:
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Prototype willingness model
Previous behavior influences:
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Elaboration likelihood model of persuasion
A dual process theory of how a formation and change of attitude occurs
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central route to persuasion
high-involvement processing, which leads to cognitive responses, then belief & attitude change, then behavioral change
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peripheral route to persuasion
low-involvement processing, belief change, behavior change, attitude change
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cognitive dissonance theory
Suggests that people change their attitudes when there is an inconsistency in their cognition (thoughts/beliefs)
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dissonance depends on
The importance of certain beliefs/ideas is to us
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how to reduce cognitive dissonance
Stabilize the dissonant belief/behavior by focusing on more supportive beliefs
