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AP BIO > 7-8: Evolution / Natural sleection > Flashcards

7-8: Evolution / Natural sleection Flashcards

(83 cards)

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1
Q

Evolution

A

Gradual change in living organisms over time, development of new species from existing ones.

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2
Q

Natural Selection

A

The process where individuals with traits better suited to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce leading to better traits for the next generation

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3
Q

Charles Darwin

A

Proposed the throaty of evolution by natural selection

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4
Q

Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck

A

Suggested that acquired traits during an organisms lifetime could be passed on to offspring (not true)

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5
Q

Paleontology

A

Study of life through fossils

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6
Q

Biogeography

A

study of the distribution of species and ecosystems across geographical regions

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7
Q

Flora

A

The plant life in a particular area or time

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8
Q

Fauna

A

The animal life in a particular area or time

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9
Q

Embryology

A

The study of the development of embryos from fertilization to birth or hatching

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10
Q

Morphological homologies

A

Similarities in the structure or form of organisms that suggest a common evolutionary ancestor

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11
Q

Homologous structure

A

Body parts in different species that have similar structure, indicating common ancestry

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12
Q

Molecular biology

A

The study of biological processes at the molecular level, including DNA, RNA and proteins

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13
Q

Contributing evolution

A

The concept that evolution is an ongoing process that continues to shape and change species

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14
Q

Common ancestor

A

An ancestral organism from which two or more different species have evolved

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15
Q

Phylogenetic tree

A

A diagram that shows the evolutionary relationship between different species or groups

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16
Q

Out-groups

A

A species or group that is used as a reference point in phylogenetic analysis

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17
Q

Genetic variability

A

Example of natural selection where the color of moths changed due to environmental pressures during the Industrial Revolution

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18
Q

Environmental pressure

A

External factors that influence the survival and reproductive success of organisms

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19
Q

Random mutation

A

A random change in an organisms DNA that can be a source of genetic diversity

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20
Q

Adaptation

A

A trait or characteristic that enhances an organisms fitness in its environment

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21
Q

Evolutionary fitness

A

The ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in its specific environment

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22
Q

Sexual selection

A

A form of natural selection wheeee individuals with certain traits are more successful in attracting mates

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23
Q

Genetic drift

A

The random change in allele frequencies in a small population, chance events that can result in bottleneck events which decrease diversity

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24
Q

Bottleneck (founder effect)

A

A significant reduction in the genetic diversity of a population due to a small number of individuals establishing a new population

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25
Gene flow
The transfer of genes from one population to another through the migration of individuals and increases diversity
26
Directional selection
Natural selection that favors one extreme of a traits range
27
Stabilizing selection
Natural selection that favors the intermediate forms of a trait
28
Disruptive selection
Natural selection that favors both extremes of traits range
29
Artificial selection
The intentional breeding of organisms by humans to select for specific traits
30
RNA world hypothesis
A theory suggesting RNA may have been the first self replicating molecule and played a crucial role in the origin of life
31
Stanley killer and Harold Urey
Scientists demonstrating amino acids could be produced under conditions simulating the early earth
32
Alexander oparin and JBS haldane
Scientists who proposed early theories on the origin of life and the development of organic molecules on earth
33
Hardyweinburg law
A mathematical model that describes the genetic equilibrium in a population under certain conditions
34
Polyploidy
The presence of multiple sets of chromosomes in an organism, often leading to reproductive islotation
35
Sympathetic speciation
Speciation that happens when populations live in the same geographic area but become reproductively isolated
36
Allopatric speciation
Speciation that occurs when populations of a species are geographically isolated from eachother
37
Speciation
The process by which new species arise
38
Species
A group of organisms that can interbreed to produce fertile offspring
39
Reproductively isolated
Populations of a species that can no longer breed due to barriers
40
Divergent evolution
One species evolves into two or more species with different characteristics
41
Punctuated equilibrium
Species often experience long periods of little change, stasis, punctuated by short bursts of rapid evolution
42
Gradualism
The idea that evolution occurs slowly and steadily over long periods of time
43
Adaptive radiation
The rapid diversification of a common ancestor into multiple different species usually in response to a new environment
44
Convergent evolution
The independent evolution of similar traits in different species from similar environmental pressures
45
Pre-zygotics barriers
Mechanisms that prevent the formation of a zygote (fertilized egg) between different species
46
Post zygotic barriers
Mechanisms that prevent the development or survival of offspring produced by the mating of different species
47
Why do some disadvantageous mutations survive
They are hidden recessivly in heterozygous
48
What is the best allele frequency’s change that has adaptive evolution
Natural selection
49
Summarize of the 4 genetic drift pouts
Small populations. Allele changes randomly. No genetic variation. Harmful alleles might be come fixed or appear
50
What are the three things that change allele frequency
Natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow
51
What is important about evolution by natural selection
Individuals CANNOT evolve
52
Natural selection process
Overpopulation Variation Survival of the fit Fit reproduce Speciation
53
Is natural selection goal oriented
No
54
Biological species concept
Different species can’t mate, caterigirized by mating
55
Microevolution
Small changes over few generations
56
Macro evolution
Big changes over long period of time
57
Phylogenetic specifies
Classfiacitiaion if species: closest to the phylogenetic tree
58
Two types of polyploidy
Autopilyploid: same species Allopolyploid: two different species
59
Hybrid zone formation
One species soerates and then barriers become down and either they begin to produce hybrids that mate and stay stable or they collapse and speciation continues occurring
60
Radiometeic dating
Carbon 14 and half lives that tell you how old or how much carbon it has
61
Acclinization
Adjusting to change in its environment. Elsa from Georgia to utah
62
Adaptive radiation
One species makes many many different ones
63
Vestigial structures
Structures Once used by a common ancestor but are now useless
64
What evolutionary changes is a consequence of continental drift
Allopatric speciation
65
What is adaptive radiation
When a mass exit nation happens the environment might need habitats or certain environmental Needs so adaptation occur
66
Heterochrony
genetically controlled difference in the timing, rate, or duration of a developmental process in an organism compared to its ancestors or other organisms
67
What does gene regulation affect
Gene expression
68
Define exaption
An adaptation that performs a different function that it originally had
69
What are the two ways morphological changes can occur,
DNA changes and gene expression
70
Gene pool
Accumulation of all the alleles
71
What does p stand for in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium
Dominant alleles
72
What does q stand for in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium
Recessive alleles
73
How to find q squared
The number of recessive divided by the total
74
How to find q
Q squared to the square root
75
How to find P
Q plus p equals 1
76
Conditions for equilibrium
No mutations Random mating No natural selection Extremely large population No gene flow
77
Clade
Phylogenetic groups in ancestry
78
Nice
Meeting intersections on phylogenetic tree
79
Monophyletic
One grouping on the same ancestry
80
Polypohyletic
Multiple from different ancestries on the tree
81
Paraphyketic
Leaving some ancestry out of the grouping tree
82
Horozontal gene transfer
Not parent to child, random lines that represent DNA sharing mostly between bacteria
83
Maximum parsimony
Simplist connection on the teee

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