unit 4

Question 1

what is autocrine signaling

Answer 1

self communication

Question 2

what is juxtacrine signaling

Answer 2

cells next to each other

Question 3

What is paracrine signaling

Answer 3

Nearby but not next to

Question 4

what is synaptic signaling

Answer 4

communication between neurons

Question 5

what is endocrine signaling

Answer 5

signals that reach many cells but only send to a few people

Question 6

what is a Ligand

Answer 6

the messenger (key)

Question 7

Explain signal transduction pathway

Answer 7

a phosphorylation cascade, ligan connects with a G protein which releases ATP, turning into cAMP, which activates a protein kinase and the catalic molecules of that kinase phosphyloralte (add phosphates) to break down glycloci into glucosew

Question 8

what are antigens

Answer 8

proteins that bind to molecules that create virus’s

Question 9

what are antibodies

Answer 9

key like strucutres that perfectly bind to antigens, flagging them for removal

Question 10

what are antibiotics

Answer 10

“fake” antibodies

Question 11

what are memory cells

Answer 11

antibodies that are left over from a previous virus, rendering a person immune

Question 12

what protein helps get viruses out of the cell

Answer 12

neuraminidase

Question 13

what protein helps get a virus into a cell?

Answer 13

Hemagluttinin

Question 14

What is antigenic drift?

Answer 14

slight changes of an antigen (small mutation)

Question 15

what is antigenic shift?

Answer 15

A big mutation of that creates different sub-types of the antigen

Question 16

how are cytokines produced

Answer 16

Mast cells, located in the nerve tissue

Question 17

Explain Innate immunity first line of defense

Answer 17

Skin, cilia, and mucus

Question 18

Explain innate immunity second line of defense, with inflammatory response

Answer 18

Mast cells trigger histamine which causes swellings to allow white blood cells to travel in, called from cytokines. Cytokines also bring in phagocytic cells and clotting of the blood begins. Phagocytose occurs and kills pathogens so the tissue can heal

Question 19

what happens when there is too much inflammatory response?

Answer 19

tissue damage from too much swelling caused from cytokines

Question 20

Define phagocytic cells and the two sub categories

Answer 20

macrophages: big eaters, eat a lot
Neutrophils: eat once and then die

Question 21

define cytokines

Answer 21

call in white blood cells

Question 22

What is the second line of defense in inate immunity with natural killer cells

Answer 22

natural killer cells recongnizes foreign body where they can get rid of tumors, or even explode to rid of many

Question 23

what do B-cells create and what immunity is it apart of

Answer 23

they create antibodies, when they find a disease or are activated by a vaccine they produce antibodies. It is Adaptive immunity, humoral

Question 24

What is agglutinize

Answer 24

antibodies stick together to defeat an antigen

Question 25

what is neutralize

Answer 25

antibodies surrounds a pathogen to rid of it

Question 26

Define active and passibe immunity, include examples

Answer 26

active: B-cells make antibodies like a vaccine too passibe: borrow antibodies from a source like a mother

Question 27

what do T-cell do and what immunity

Answer 27

they go inside the cell and attack already infected cells. it's adaptive immunity Cell mediated

Question 28

What is chromatin

Answer 28

Unwound DNA

Question 29

Why do some ligands bind extracellularly vs intracellularly

Answer 29

small/non-polar ligands diffuse through the membrane while large/polar ligands are activated extracellularly

Question 30

Explain Quorum sensing

Answer 30

Bacteria transmit chemical signals to create certain responses as a group, to respond to their environment/danger.

Question 31

Explain Epinephrine secretion as signal transduction

Answer 31

When this is releases, glycogen binds to a receptor creating glucose Glucose is used as the bodies immediate energy source in a stress full situation.

Question 32

What are two examples that disrupt signal transduction pathways

Answer 32

Virus's and Cancer

Question 33

What are positive and negative points towards G0

Answer 33

Positive: energy conservation Negative: no replenishing damaged cells

Question 34

What is the role of Cyclin and CDK in regulating the cell cycle

Answer 34

Cyclins bind to CDKS to regulate the cell cycle by signaling mitosis and gene expression when connected

Question 35

define structural genes

Answer 35

define the function of a celld

Question 36

define regulatory genes

Answer 36

control or regulate the expression of other genes and allow for strucutral genes to activatede

Question 37

define master genes

Answer 37

regulate the expression of selector genes

Question 38

What does the TATA box on a DNA strand do in terms of gene expression

Answer 38

genes that have both repressors and activators when activated will try to bind to the TATA box to be expressed. The repressor takes the active site, always trumping the activator

Question 39

What is a chromosome

Answer 39

Wound DNA

Question 40

What are sister chromatids

Answer 40

Identical chromosomes

Question 41

What is a centromere

Answer 41

Center of two chromosomes

Question 42

What are spindle fibers

Answer 42

Attach to the centromere

Question 43

What are homologous chromosomes

Answer 43

Similar but not identical chromosomes (mom and dad)

Question 44

What are somatic cells

Answer 44

Body cells from mitosis

Question 45

What are germ cells

Answer 45

Gamete cells from meiosis

Question 46

What happens in G1

Answer 46

Growth

Question 47

What happens in the S phase

Answer 47

DNA doubles

Question 48

What happens in g2 phase

Answer 48

Prepare to divide

Question 49

What is cyclin

Answer 49

a protein that regulates the cell cycle by attching to CDK

Question 50

What does the activation of CDK mean

Answer 50

activates signal transduction which elicites a response for a specific phase of the cell cycle

Question 51

What are protooncogenes and tumor supressors

Answer 51

CDK's, proto-oncogens promote the cell cycle while Tumor supressors inhibit the cell cycle

Question 52

what is the most common type of tumor supressor

Answer 52

P53