7. Central Nervous System

Question 1

The four major regions of the brain:

Answer 1

1. cerebral hemispheres
2. diencephalon
3. brain stem
4. cerebellum

Question 2

Cerebrum:

Answer 2

2 cerebral hemispheres of brain

most superior region, and largest

Question 3

gyri

Answer 3

elevated ridges of tissue on surface of cerebrum

Question 4

sulci

Answer 4

shallow grooves on surface of cerebrum

Question 5

fissures

Answer 5

deep grooves separating large regions of the brain

Question 6

longitudinal fissure

Answer 6

separates cerebral hemispheres

Question 7

cerebral hemispheres are has 3 regions:

Answer 7

1. cortex - superficial gray matter
2. white matter - internal area, myelinated axons
3. basal nucei - islands of gray matter deep within white matter, regulate movement

Question 8

Cerebral cortex functions:

Answer 8

speech
memory
voluntary movement
logical and emotional responses
consciousness
interpretation of sensation

Question 9

Frontal lobe:

Answer 9

anterior segment of brain

control of skeletal muscles, language, memory

Question 10

Parietal lobe:

Answer 10

posterior to frontal lobe

interprets sensory information - pain, temperature, touch

Question 11

Occipital lobe:

Answer 11

posterior area of brain

visual interpretation

Question 12

Temporal lobe:

Answer 12

inferior to frontal/parietal lobes

hearing and smell (olfactory)

Question 13

Diencephalon includes:

Answer 13

thalamus
hypothalamus
limbic system

Question 14

Brain stem includes:

Answer 14

mid brain
pons
medulla oblongata
reticular formation

Question 15

Thalamus:

Answer 15

relays sensory information to cerebral cortex

relays motor information to the muscles

Question 16

Hypothalamus:

Answer 16

integrates autonomic NS functions
regulation of body temperature, food intake, water balance, thirst.
links with endocrine system to help produce/release hormones

Question 17

Cerebellum:

Answer 17

balance
fine motor control
learned motor function

Question 18

Medulla oblongata:

Answer 18

controls heart rate, BP, breathing, swallowing

merges with spinal cord

Question 19

Pons:

Answer 19

controls rate/depth of breathing, sleep/arousal
afferent and efferent fibre tracts
anterior to medulla oblongata

Question 20

Midbrain:

Answer 20

controls visual pathways and eye movement

posterior aspect of brain stem

Question 21

Brain stem:

Answer 21

combination of midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata

extension of spinal cord

Question 22

Reticular formation:

Answer 22

diffuse mass of gray matter, extending length of brain stem

involves motor control of internal organs, digestive organ activity and RAS (reticular activating system)

Question 23

Reticular activating system (RAS):

Answer 23

plays a role in conciousness, awake/sleep cycle

maintains cerebral cortex alertness

Question 24

Name the 3 meningeal layers:

Answer 24

dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater

Question 25

2 layers of dura mater:

Answer 25

periosteal and meningeal layers

Question 26

3 protections for the CNS:

Answer 26

meninges cerebrospinal fluid blood-brain barrier

Question 27

Subarachnoid space:

Answer 27

space between arachnoid mater and pia mater | filled with cerebrospinal fluid and blood vessels

Question 28

Dura mater:

Answer 28

tough, double-layered membrane | composed of 2 fibrous connective tissue layers

Question 29

Meninges 3 functions:

Answer 29

1. cover and protect CNS 2. protect blood vessels 3. contain cerebrospinal fluid

Question 30

Cerebrospinal fluid functions:

Answer 30

1. reduce weight of brain by floating it - 1500g to 50g 2. protects the brain from blows/injury 3. removes waste from the CNS 4. regulates chemicals and pH in CNS

Question 31

Subdural space:

Answer 31

separates dura mater and arachnoid mater

Question 32

Pia mater:

Answer 32

deepest layer of meninges | delicate connective tissue, clings tightly to brain

Question 33

Blood-brain barrier function:

Answer 33

regulates which chemicals are allowed to interact with nerve cells of CNS

Question 34

How does the blood-brain barrier protect neurons in the CNS?

Answer 34

forms a highly selective filter - least permeable capillaries in the body only respiratory gases, fat soluble molecules and extremely small molecules can pass through from blood to neurons regulates the type and amount of molecules