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Biology > 7 - Human Nutrition > Flashcards

7 - Human Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

Define ingestion

A

Food is taken in through the mouth, chewed, and swallowed

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2
Q

Mastication

A

Tongue and teeth cut up food and mix it

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3
Q

Bolus

A

Mucus and saliva take the products of mastication and help make a squishy food ball that goes down the esophagus

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4
Q

What’s in saliva?

A

Water, mucus, amylase to start chemical digestion

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5
Q

Transports food from mouth to stomach

A

Esophagus

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6
Q

Muscular organ that does peristalsis

A

Esophagus

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7
Q

Peristalsis

A

Longitudinal and circular muscle contractions - mechanical digestion, also helps transport the food from the mouth to the stomach

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8
Q

Makes bile to emulsify fats and neutralize chyme

A

Liver

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9
Q

Makes cholesterol

A

Liver

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10
Q

Does a ton of stuff including detoxifying the body

A

Liver

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11
Q

Stomach digestion

A

Mixes food with gastric juices with digestive enzymes - chemical digestion. Muscles (it’s a muscular organ) churn and break down food - mechanical digestion.

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12
Q

What’s in the stomach and why?

A

Pepsin - a type of protease.
HCl - kills pathogens, good ph for Pepsin
Chyme - the food mixed with the gastric juices

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13
Q

Stores bile

A

Gallbladder

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14
Q

Releases bile into duodenum through bile duct

A

Gallbladder

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15
Q

Makes insulin and glucagon

A

Pancreas

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16
Q

Delivers amylase, protease, lipase, and sodium hydrogen carbonate to small intestine

A

Pancreas

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17
Q

Helps neutralize chyme with HCO3

A

Pancreas

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18
Q

1st section of small intestine

A

Duodenum

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19
Q

Pancreatic juices mix with chyme to digest food so it can be absorbed

A

Duodenum

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20
Q

Bile is delivered to the…

A

Duodenum

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21
Q

2nd (and final) section of small intestine

A

Ileum

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22
Q

Food mixed with digestive enzymes and blood

A

Ileum

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23
Q

Most water is absorbed in the…

A

Ileum

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24
Q

Nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream

A

Ileum

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25
Q

Churns food to keep it touching the villi

A

Illeum

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26
Q

Assimilation happens in the

A

Ileum

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27
Q

Large intestine

A

Water reabsorption happens here (though not as much as in the ileum) to prevent loss of ions, dehydration, and diarrhea

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28
Q

Feces are stored in the

A

Rectum

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29
Q

Feces are egested through the…

A

Anus

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30
Q

Mechanical digestion

A

Physically breaks down food, no chemical change, increases surface area

31
Q

Chemical digestion

A

Enzymes help break bonds, chemical changes happen

32
Q

Digestion

A

Nutrients as large insoluble molecules —> small soluble molecules (keep in mind that this is mainly chemical digestion, as mechanical digestion doesn’t actually change any of the chemical properties)

33
Q

Absorption

A

Nutrients pass from the digestive system into the bloodstream

34
Q

Assimilation

A

Body cells take in biomolecules for cell processes (eg glucose for respiration)

35
Q

Egestion

A

Removal of undigested waste

36
Q

Excretion

A

Removal of byproducts of metabolism (pee)

37
Q

Trypsin

A

Protease that likes alkaline conditions - in the small intestine

38
Q

1st stage of starch digestion

A

Amylase breaks starch down into maltose

39
Q

2nd stage of starch digestion

A

Maltase breaks maltose down into glucose

40
Q

Maltase is secreted in the ____ and acts on the ____

A

Small intestine, membranes of epithelium lining small intestine

41
Q

Lipids are broken down into

A

Glycerol and 3 fatty acid tails

42
Q

Lipid function

A

Triglyceride in body, makes up cell membranes, insulation

43
Q

Parts of a balanced diet

A

Carbs, vitamins, fats, water, proteins, mineral ions like calcium & iron, fiber

44
Q

Carbohydrate function and main sources in diet

A

Fruit, vegetables, pasta, bread, potates
Provide short term energy

45
Q

Fats function and main sources in diet

A

Avocado, nuts, olive oil, oily fish
Provide long term energy

46
Q

Protein sources and function in diet

A

Meat, fish, eggs, beans, pulses, nuts
Growth and repair

47
Q

Vitamin function in diet

A

C - Healthy blood vessels, skin, cartilage, bones, and wound healing
D - Calcium and phosphate regulation
A - Immune system and vision

48
Q

Calcium and Iron function in diet

A

Calcium - strengthens bones and teeth, helps with muscle contraction and clotting of wounds
Iron - produces haemoglobin for red blood cells

49
Q

Fiber function in diet

A

Helps digestion, helps move food and feces along the gut, associated with lower risks of coronary heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and bowel cancer

50
Q

Water function in diet (the source of water is water)

A

About 60% of body mass is water - needed for almost everything

51
Q

Deficiency disease

A

Illness caused by insufficient intake of a nutrient in the diet or the inability to absorb it efficiently

52
Q

Rickets - cause and symptoms

A

Vitamin D deficiency - bone pain, weak muscles, bone loss with increased risk of fractures/skeletal deformities

53
Q

Scurvy - cause and symptoms

A

Vitamin C deficiency - severe leg/joint pain, tiredness, weakness, blue or red spots on skin which bruise easily, swollen/bleeding gums

54
Q

Alimentary canal

A

The canal down which food travels - mouth to esophagus to stomach to duodenum to ileum to large intestine to rectum to anus - does the physical digestion (though mouth and stomach do do some enzymes) and organs provide most of the enzymes

55
Q

Molar and premolar function

A

Chew, crush, grind food

56
Q

Canine function

A

Hold and tear food

57
Q

Incisors function

A

Cut and slice food

58
Q

Stages of tooth decay

A

Healthy tooth with plaque - Bacteria anaerobically respire with food, make acid which wears down teeth
Decay in enamel - acid wears out surface - takes time, no pain
Decay in dentine - Erosion is faster in dentine bc softer - pain
Decay in pulp - Erosion hits pulp with its nerves and blood vessels - EXTRA PAIN

59
Q

Enamel

A

Hardest tissue in body, made by tooth forming cells - outer layer of tooth

60
Q

Dentine

A

Major part of tooth. Hard. Made of calcium salts on collagen fibers. Canals -> pulp cavity. Under the enamel

61
Q

Pulp

A

Full of nerves and blood vessels, goes down into root

62
Q

Gum

A

Acts as junction between enamel and cement

63
Q

Cement

A

Like dentine but no canals. Anchors jaw

64
Q

Crown

A

Top part of tooth, above gum

65
Q

Root

A

Bottom part of tooth, below gum

66
Q

Bile function

A

Emulsifies fats into small droplets, allows lipase to chemically digest fats into tiny fat droplets

67
Q

Villi function

A

Increase surface area for absorption of digested food molecules and water into the bloodstream, constant movement to mix food, enzyme secretion, capillaries for blood supply, CONCENTRATION GRADIENT

68
Q

Epithelium

A

Had epithelial and goblet cells, thin so short diffusion pathway

69
Q

Capillary network

A

Transports glucose and amino acids, IS THE BLOODSTREAM

70
Q

Lacteal

A

transports fatty acids and glycerol

71
Q

Nerve

A

Wrapped around lacteal with the capillaries

72
Q

Gland

A

Makes digestive enzymes, probably spurts them out?

73
Q

Goblet cell

A

Makes mucus to protect body from its own digestive enzymes

74
Q

Epithelial cell

A

Covered in microvilli, part of epithelium

Biology (8 decks)

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