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Biology > 7 - Human Nutrition > Flashcards

7 - Human Nutrition Flashcards

(74 cards)

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1
Q

Define ingestion

A

Food is taken in through the mouth, chewed, and swallowed

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2
Q

Mastication

A

Tongue and teeth cut up food and mix it

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3
Q

Bolus

A

Mucus and saliva take the products of mastication and help make a squishy food ball that goes down the esophagus

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4
Q

What’s in saliva?

A

Water, mucus, amylase to start chemical digestion

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5
Q

Transports food from mouth to stomach

A

Esophagus

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6
Q

Muscular organ that does peristalsis

A

Esophagus

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7
Q

Peristalsis

A

Longitudinal and circular muscle contractions - mechanical digestion, also helps transport the food from the mouth to the stomach

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8
Q

Makes bile to emulsify fats and neutralize chyme

A

Liver

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9
Q

Makes cholesterol

A

Liver

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10
Q

Does a ton of stuff including detoxifying the body

A

Liver

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11
Q

Stomach digestion

A

Mixes food with gastric juices with digestive enzymes - chemical digestion. Muscles (it’s a muscular organ) churn and break down food - mechanical digestion.

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12
Q

What’s in the stomach and why?

A

Pepsin - a type of protease.
HCl - kills pathogens, good ph for Pepsin
Chyme - the food mixed with the gastric juices

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13
Q

Stores bile

A

Gallbladder

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14
Q

Releases bile into duodenum through bile duct

A

Gallbladder

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15
Q

Makes insulin and glucagon

A

Pancreas

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16
Q

Delivers amylase, protease, lipase, and sodium hydrogen carbonate to small intestine

A

Pancreas

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17
Q

Helps neutralize chyme with HCO3

A

Pancreas

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18
Q

1st section of small intestine

A

Duodenum

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19
Q

Pancreatic juices mix with chyme to digest food so it can be absorbed

A

Duodenum

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20
Q

Bile is delivered to the…

A

Duodenum

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21
Q

2nd (and final) section of small intestine

A

Ileum

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22
Q

Food mixed with digestive enzymes and blood

A

Ileum

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23
Q

Most water is absorbed in the…

A

Ileum

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24
Q

Nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream

A

Ileum

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25
Churns food to keep it touching the villi
Illeum
26
Assimilation happens in the
Ileum
27
Large intestine
Water reabsorption happens here (though not as much as in the ileum) to prevent loss of ions, dehydration, and diarrhea
28
Feces are stored in the
Rectum
29
Feces are egested through the…
Anus
30
Mechanical digestion
Physically breaks down food, no chemical change, increases surface area
31
Chemical digestion
Enzymes help break bonds, chemical changes happen
32
Digestion
Nutrients as large insoluble molecules —> small soluble molecules (keep in mind that this is mainly chemical digestion, as mechanical digestion doesn't actually change any of the chemical properties)
33
Absorption
Nutrients pass from the digestive system into the bloodstream
34
Assimilation
Body cells take in biomolecules for cell processes (eg glucose for respiration)
35
Egestion
Removal of undigested waste
36
Excretion
Removal of byproducts of metabolism (pee)
37
Trypsin
Protease that likes alkaline conditions - in the small intestine
38
1st stage of starch digestion
Amylase breaks starch down into maltose
39
2nd stage of starch digestion
Maltase breaks maltose down into glucose
40
Maltase is secreted in the ____ and acts on the ____
Small intestine, membranes of epithelium lining small intestine
41
Lipids are broken down into
Glycerol and 3 fatty acid tails
42
Lipid function
Triglyceride in body, makes up cell membranes, insulation
43
Parts of a balanced diet
Carbs, vitamins, fats, water, proteins, mineral ions like calcium & iron, fiber
44
Carbohydrate function and main sources in diet
Fruit, vegetables, pasta, bread, potates Provide short term energy
45
Fats function and main sources in diet
Avocado, nuts, olive oil, oily fish Provide long term energy
46
Protein sources and function in diet
Meat, fish, eggs, beans, pulses, nuts Growth and repair
47
Vitamin function in diet
C - Healthy blood vessels, skin, cartilage, bones, and wound healing D - Calcium and phosphate regulation A - Immune system and vision
48
Calcium and Iron function in diet
Calcium - strengthens bones and teeth, helps with muscle contraction and clotting of wounds Iron - produces haemoglobin for red blood cells
49
Fiber function in diet
Helps digestion, helps move food and feces along the gut, associated with lower risks of coronary heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and bowel cancer
50
Water function in diet (the source of water is water)
About 60% of body mass is water - needed for almost everything
51
Deficiency disease
Illness caused by insufficient intake of a nutrient in the diet or the inability to absorb it efficiently
52
Rickets - cause and symptoms
Vitamin D deficiency - bone pain, weak muscles, bone loss with increased risk of fractures/skeletal deformities
53
Scurvy - cause and symptoms
Vitamin C deficiency - severe leg/joint pain, tiredness, weakness, blue or red spots on skin which bruise easily, swollen/bleeding gums
54
Alimentary canal
The canal down which food travels - mouth to esophagus to stomach to duodenum to ileum to large intestine to rectum to anus - does the physical digestion (though mouth and stomach do do some enzymes) and organs provide most of the enzymes
55
Molar and premolar function
Chew, crush, grind food
56
Canine function
Hold and tear food
57
Incisors function
Cut and slice food
58
Stages of tooth decay
Healthy tooth with plaque - Bacteria anaerobically respire with food, make acid which wears down teeth Decay in enamel - acid wears out surface - takes time, no pain Decay in dentine - Erosion is faster in dentine bc softer - pain Decay in pulp - Erosion hits pulp with its nerves and blood vessels - EXTRA PAIN
59
Enamel
Hardest tissue in body, made by tooth forming cells - outer layer of tooth
60
Dentine
Major part of tooth. Hard. Made of calcium salts on collagen fibers. Canals -> pulp cavity. Under the enamel
61
Pulp
Full of nerves and blood vessels, goes down into root
62
Gum
Acts as junction between enamel and cement
63
Cement
Like dentine but no canals. Anchors jaw
64
Crown
Top part of tooth, above gum
65
Root
Bottom part of tooth, below gum
66
Bile function
Emulsifies fats into small droplets, allows lipase to chemically digest fats into tiny fat droplets
67
Villi function
Increase surface area for absorption of digested food molecules and water into the bloodstream, constant movement to mix food, enzyme secretion, capillaries for blood supply, CONCENTRATION GRADIENT
68
Epithelium
Had epithelial and goblet cells, thin so short diffusion pathway
69
Capillary network
Transports glucose and amino acids, IS THE BLOODSTREAM
70
Lacteal
transports fatty acids and glycerol
71
Nerve
Wrapped around lacteal with the capillaries
72
Gland
Makes digestive enzymes, probably spurts them out?
73
Goblet cell
Makes mucus to protect body from its own digestive enzymes
74
Epithelial cell
Covered in microvilli, part of epithelium

Biology (8 decks)

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