7. Rest, Locomotion, Eating, Drinking - M2 Flashcards
All animals show daily rhythmic patterns of behaviour which include:
Awake, drowsing and sleeping
- Sleeping can include both slow wave and paradoxical sleep
What are normal sleep patterns important for?
- Animal well-being
- Sleep is essential for normal physiological fxn
What are resting and sleep governed by?
Timing controls
What is the purpose of resting and sleep?
Restorative
- allows metabolic recoveries and conservation of energies
Sleep is a system of…
Passive behaviour
Postures and movement of CATTLE at rest
- During the day, rest in STERNAL RECUMBENCY while ruminating
- May rest without ruminating
- While not actively grazing, may stand at rest without ruminating; loafing time is variable, but short in healthy cattle
- In daylight lateral recumbency is less than 1hr
When REM sleeping, how are cattle positioned?
Usually lying down (sternal recumbent) with heads turned back into their flank
Ruminants have extensive periods of drowsiness usually associated with what?
Rumination
- Drowsy state for about 7-8hrs/day divided into 20 periods or more that precede and follow sleep
How are rumination and sleep inversely related?
Sternal resting increases but sleep decreases as the percentage of roughage in the diet increases
- more forage = more rumination = more drowsiness = less sleep
What have normal sleep patterns of sleep been used as an indication of?
Stress free husbandry
Disinclination to lie at rest in horses is seen with _________ and cattle with ___________
- orthopedic conditions
- hardware disease
What is Tonic Immobility?
- A state of locomotor economy, shown particularly in an unwillingness to make responses which involve complex, coordinated bodily movements
- An apparent absence of coordinated responses in an animal without associated physical impairment
What are 8 considerations for flooring?
- Slats vs solid flooring
- Bedding material
- Notching and grooving
- Mats
- Wire or plastic mesh
- Elevated vs non-elevated
- Heated vs non-heated
- Perches
What behaviours can flooring influence?
- Resting
- Mounting
- Lameness
- Slips/falls
- Play
- Social interactions
- Dominance hierarchies
- Space for movement
Respiration is tied to…
Movement!
- O2 consumption increases linearly in a running animal
- Net cost of running is constant for each species (decreases with increasing body size)
Kinetic behaviours have…
Patterns, rhythms and phases in their expression
The system of kinetic behaviour has…
Range, rhythm and pattern
- innate in origin, being a feature of the species
- innate kinetic drive is modified by diverse factors
What is ambulatory kinesis incorporated into?
Grazing
- grazing rhythms described as kinetic rhythms
- kinesis is a prominent component of play behaviour
What is Taxis?
- Locomotion either directly towards or away from a source of stimulation
- Locomotory behaviour involving a steering reaction
- The spatial correction movement resulting in orientation
What is Thigmotaxis (Thigmotropism)?
Behaviour revealing a drive to make and maintain close bodily contact with an associate animal
What is termed a ‘gait’?
In locomotion, when the limbs act synchronously in any one of a variety of patterns
What are 2 forms of gait patterns?
- Symmetrical
- The movements of limbs on one side repeat those of the other side, but half a stride later
- eg. walk, pace, trot - Asymmetrical
- The limbs from one side do not repeat those of the other
- ev. cantor gallop, lope and rotary gallop
What is a stride?
The full cycle of movement of a leg during the support propulsion and flight phases
What is stride length?
The distance covered between successive imprints of the same hoof